Fernando Dias Lopes

Laços sociais e formação de arranjos organizacionais cooperativos: proposição de um modelo de análise

The strategic and economic benefits go as a first issue on the formation and management of cooperative arrangements (LANE; BEAMISH, 1990). However researches have showed that social-cultural issues play an important role at the performance of this kind of arrangements (EBERS, 1997; GULATI, 1985; RING; VAN DE VEN, 1994) and that the economic and technological issues, by the time, are embedded in social relations being shaped by them (GRANOVETTER, 1985; POLANYI, 1944; UZZI, 1997). By taking in count the different phases of the process of the formation of cooperative organisational arrangements (GULATI, 1998), some one could say that the social ties play great influences on each phase, where theses variation depend on the type of arrangement. This paper consists on a theoretical essay whose proposition is a theoretical model of analysis about the relation between social ties and the formation of cooperative organisational arrangements. The first part presents the central argument and the basic assumptions of the study. The second part is a review of the concept of cooperative organisational arrangements and the influence of the social issues. The third part consists on the review of the social ties concept. The last part presents the model of analysis and recommendations to empirical test.

Primar orgânica: inovação em tempos de crise

This paper consists in a case study in Primar Orgânica, focusing on its process of transformation of conventional shrimp farming to organic. Primar became the only company of production of organic shrimp in the state and the first in the world in the creation of organic oysters. For doing that, we employed a theoretical framework based on Resource-Based View (RBV) (BARNEY, 1991; KATILA, SHANE, 2005), Institutional Theory (IT) and Social Networks. It broadens the concept of environment used in RBV when adds the concept of institutional environment. Social Network Theory centers in the inter-relationship between the actors and the structure of the network as inhibiting or constraining the capacity to innovate (LIU, MADHAVAN, SUDHARSHAN, 2005). The central assumption is that innovation is a process embedded in the social context (LUNDVALL, 1993). The analysis of data, collected through in-depth interviews and documents, denotes how the scarcity of resources and the embedment of the entrepreneur in different contexts made possible the technological and management innovation, allowing the organization to gain competitive advantage based on a strategy centered in differentiated resources.

Perspectivas teóricas contemporâneas nos estudos das organizações: apresentação de um modelo de análise da formação de joint ventures internacionais

This paper presents an analysis model on the establishment of international joint ventures. It aims to show how different dimensions of the environment can influences decisions whether establish a partnership, decisions about what kind of partner is chosen, about the structure of the partnership and how the environment influences the evolution of the partnership. It makes necessary using a multi theoretical framework consisted of three theoretical perspectives which allow (as a whole) a better comprehension about the multifaceted nature of this organizational phenomena. The theories that compose the model are: the institutional theory (social-cultural issues); the transaction economic costs (economic and strategic issues) and the resource dependence theory (political issues).

A formação de alianças estratégicas: uma análise teórica a partir da teoria da dependência de recursos e da teoria dos custos de transação

The formation of strategic alliances is clearly evident on the current organizational setting. Its one of the main strategies used by organizations that want to remain competitive. In this sense, this article aims to explain what are strategic alliances and what are the reasons why contemporary organizations form this kind of cooperative set, demonstrating its main characteristics and the advantages that can be achieved by establishing such alliances. Afterwards, an analysis on how the tendency of formation of strategic alliances can be understood is done according to two different theoretical approaches: the theory of resource dependency and the transaction costs theory. Therefore, it is intended to contextualize how and why these alliances are formed, trying to understand these theoretical approaches with the objective of verifying how they interpret this organizational phenomenon. Finally, this study tries to correlate how these approaches match in an attempt to clarify the reasons of forming cooperative sets.

Análise crítica em organizações sociais: apropriando teoria e prática de seus componentes estruturais e culturais

The social organizations have been acknowledged as an important actor by both government and civil society. However, it is necessary to develop academic studies in deep for comprehending its organizational dynamic. This paper aims to analyze the management specificities of this kind of organization, focusing on its cultural and structural elements. Besides, it was analyzed the congruence between these elements and the expectation about NGO`s dynamic and performance. In this sense, it seeks to contribute to a critical analysis of the employment of traditional organizational theorys concepts in an inappropriate way for understanding NGOs. The research was carried on in ten NGOs with a predominantly qualitative approach. The data were collected through interview with the founders and managers of these organizations. The results confirm the particularities already identified in other studies and goes beyond by doing a critic concerning to the incongruence related to social structure. The incongruence between social structure and the nature of this kind of organization is more frequently when NGOs managers employ practices of economic organizations without consider theirs fundamental assumptions.

Alianças estratégicas sob a ótica de teorias organizacionais contemporâneas: novas práticas no agronegócio da carcinicultura DOI 10.5752/P.1984-6606.2011v11n26p62

A criacao de camarao em cativeiro e uma das principais atividades da pauta economica do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Nesse sentido, o entendimento da aplicacao de novas praticas gerenciais torna-se indispensavel para a sobrevivencia e crescimento do setor. Este trabalho tem como objetivo explicar a adocao de aliancas estrategicas por uma empresa carcinicultora, indicando vantagens e desafios nesse processo. Para compreender esse fenomeno foi empregado um arcabouco teorico construido a partir da combinacao da resource based-view , teoria da dependencia de recursos, imersao social e custos de transacao. O metodo empregado foi o estudo de caso, com enfoque predominantemente qualitativo. Foram utilizados dados primarios e secundarios, obtidos atraves de entrevistas em profundidade com um dos diretores. Os dados empiricos indicaram que o processo de formacao de aliancas, ainda que sendo um fenomeno de natureza economica, foi significativamente moldado por fatores sociais no contexto em que tais acordos se construiram. Finalmente, a pesquisa possibilitou a visualizacao da necessidade de consideracao de multiplos fatores na avaliacao da decisao de formar uma parceria, incluindo nao somente fatores economicos, mas tambem fatores politicos.

Cooperative arrangements from the perspectives of embeddedness and transaction cost economy: a case study

A formacao de arranjos cooperativos e uma estrategia cada vez mais utilizada por organizacoes em todo o mundo como forma de obter ganhos de competitividade em mercados altamente dinâmicos. Assim, torna-se cada vez mais importante a compreensao sobre esses novos tipos de arranjos organizacionais. Este artigo analisa a formacao e o desenvolvimento de duas parcerias, formadas atraves de cooperativas de produtores de camarao no estado do Rio Grande do Norte: a Coopercam e a Unipesca. Ambas foram analisadas sob a otica da Economia dos Custos de Transacao (ECT) e da Imersao Social ( embeddedness ). Utilizou-se o trabalho de Gulati (1998) com o objetivo de identificar as fases para a compreensao da formacao e do desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos: a decisao de entrar e a escolha dos parceiros, a decisao sobre a estrutura do arranjo, a evolucao da alianca e a influencia no desempenho daqueles que ingressaram nessa parceria. O metodo empregado na pesquisa foi o estudo de caso (Yin, 2005). A coleta de dados se caracterizou por ser de natureza exploratorio-qualitativa. Ja no que se refere a analise de dados, utilizou-se da tecnica de analise de conteudo e analise documental proposta por Bardin (1977). Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que a formacao das parcerias trouxe, em ambos os casos, ganhos de competitividade. Contudo, esses ganhos foram mais relevantes no caso da Unipesca em funcao do menor numero de parceiros, o que possibilitou um incremento dos lacos sociais e da confianca existentes entre os parceiros. No caso da Coopercam, isso foi limitado pelo grande numero de cooperados. Palavras-chave: parcerias, economia dos custos de transacao, imersao social.

Partnership in the agribusiness of shrimp breeding in the perspective of structural embeddedness – the case of the Camanor Produtos Marinhos Ltda

This article investigates the partnerships of Camanor, an agribusiness company of farmed shrimp, highlighting the importance of trust, reputation and the role played by strong ties in the formation of these arrangements. It analyzes Camanor’s partnerships with Aquatec and Carrefour and their influences on the company’s competitive behavior. It employs a theoretical framework based on the perspective of embeddedness, particularly structural embeddedness (Zukin and Dimaggio, 1990). According to Gnyawali and Madhavan (2001), there are three types of resources flowing in a network: flow of assets, information and status. The article combines primary data obtained through in-depth interviews and secondary data to explore how the differences between the previous ties and the position in the network affected the flow of resources. The partnership with Aquatec, which is based on previous and strong ties, indicates a constant flow of information and a not-hierarchical relationship. On the other hand, the partnership with Carrefour is characterized by a more hierarchical relationship, with less exchange of information. While the former is predominantly based on trust, the latter is predominantly based on economic reciprocity. In both cases there was a significant flow of assets, such as money, technology and organizational skills; a significant flow of status in terms of an increase of Camanor’s legitimacy and reputation in the international market, as well as among its suppliers; and finally a major flow of information on advances in the techniques of shrimp production and market trends. This flow of resources is a consequence of the partners’ position in the international network of shrimp distribution and production. Key words: partnerships, inter-actors networks, internationalization.