Fernando G. Santoro

Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer automated alignment system

Here is presented the current outline and progress of MROIs automated alignment system design. Depending on the location of each of MROIs unit telescopes (UT), light can travel distances ranging from 460 to 660 meters via several reflections that redirect the beams path through the beam relay system (BRS), delay line system (DLS), beam compressing telescope (BCR), switchyards and finally to the beam combiners (BC). All of these sub-systems comprise three major optical axes of the MROI which must be coaligned on a nightly basis by the AAS. The AAS consists of four subsystems: the primary fiducial-for beam injection, the UT tilt and shear measurement components (TASM), the BC TASM components, and the secondary fiducial-for quick alignment checks. All of these subsystems contribute to the unique design of the AAS which will allow for simultaneous measurements from the visible to the near-IR wavelengths, full automation, the capability to perform optical path difference (OPD) alignment and spectral calibration, making it cost effective and saving on realty in the beam combining area (BCA). The AAS is nearing completion and assembly of the various subsystems is expected to commence soon. The latest results on all of the following are reviewed here.

Mechanical design of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer

We report on the mechanical design currently performed at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) and how the construction, assembly, integration and verification are planned towards commissioning. Novel features were added to the mechanical design, and high level of automation and reliability are being devised, which allows the number of reflections to be kept down to a minimum possible. This includes unit telescope and associated enclosure and transporter, fast tip-tilt system, beam relay system, delay line system, beam compressor, automated alignment system, beam turning mirror, switchyard, fringe tracker and vacuum system.

The long-stroke MROI vacuum delay lines: from concept to production

We report on test results on the delay line system for the MRO Interferometer, currently under construction in Cambridge, UK. The delay lines are designed to provide 380 metres of vacuum path delay in a single stage, offering rapid star-to-star slews, high throughput and high transmitted wavefront quality. Details of the final design adopted for these delay lines are presented, together with lessons learnt from successful performance tests of the full-scale prototype trolley in a 20-metre long vacuum test rig. Delivery of the first production trolley is expected in New Mexico in early 2009.

EXPRES: A Next Generation RV Spectrograph in the Search for Earth-like Worlds

The EXtreme PREcision Spectrograph (EXPRES) is an optical fiber fed echelle instrument being designed and built at the Yale Exoplanet Laboratory to be installed on the 4.3-meter Discovery Channel Telescope operated by Lowell Observatory. The primary science driver for EXPRES is to detect Earth-like worlds around Sun-like stars. With this in mind, we are designing the spectrograph to have an instrumental precision of 15 cm/s so that the on-sky measurement precision (that includes modeling for RV noise from the star) can reach to better than 30 cm/s. This goal places challenging requirements on every aspect of the instrument development, including optomechanical design, environmental control, image stabilization, wavelength calibration, and data analysis. In this paper we describe our error budget, and instrument optomechanical design.

Final mechanical and opto-mechanical design of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory interferometer

Most subsystems of the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) have progressed towards final mechanical design, construction and testing since the last SPIE meeting in San Diego - CA. The first 1.4-meter telescope has successfully passed factory acceptance test, and construction of telescopes #2 and #3 has started. The beam relay system has been prototyped on site, and full construction is awaiting funding. A complete 100-meter length delay line system, which includes its laser metrology unit, has been installed and tested on site, and the first delay line trolley has successfully passed factory acceptance testing. A fully operational fringe tracker is integrated with a prototyped version of the automated alignment system for a closed looping fringe tracking experiment. In this paper, we present details of the final mechanical and opto-mechanical design for these MROI subsystems and report their status on fabrication, assembly, integration and testing.

MROI's automated alignment system

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) will be a reconfigurable (7.5-345 meter baselines) 10 element optical/near-infrared imaging interferometer. Depending on the location of each unit telescope (UT), light can travel distances ranging from 460 to 660 meters via several reflections that redirect the beams path through the beam relay trains, delay lines (DL), beam reducing telescope (BCR), switchyards and finally to the beam combiners (BC). All of these sub-systems comprise three major optical axes of the MROI to be coaligned on a nightly basis by the alignment system. One major obstacle in designing the automated alignment system (AAS) is the required simultaneous measurements from the visible through near-IR wavelengths. Another difficulty is making it fully automated, which has not been accomplished at other optical/near-IR interferometers. The conceptual design of this system has been completed and is currently in its preliminary design phase. Prototyping has also commenced with designs of some hardware near completion. Here is presented the current outline and progress of MROIs automated alignment system design and some results of the prototyping.

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory interferometer: first light and deployment of the first telescope on the array

The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) has been under development for almost two decades. Initial funding for the facility started before the year 2000 under the Army and then Navy, and continues today through the Air Force Research Laboratory. With a projected total cost of substantially less than

Design and Construction of VUES: The Vilnius University Echelle Spectrograph

200M, it represents the least expensive way to produce sub-milliarcsecond optical/near-infrared images that the astronomical community could invest in during the modern era, as compared, for instance, to extremely large telescopes or space interferometers. The MROI, when completed, will be comprised of 10 x1.4m diameter telescopes distributed on a Y-shaped array such that it will have access to spatial scales ranging from about 40 milliarcseconds down to less than 0.5 milliarcseconds. While this type of resolution is not unprecedented in the astronomical community, the ability to track fringes on and produce images of complex targets approximately 5 magnitudes fainter than is done today represents a substantial step forward. All this will be accomplished using a variety of approaches detailed in several papers from our team over the years. Together, these two factors, multiple telescopes deployed over very long-baselines coupled with fainter limiting magnitudes, will allow MROI to conduct science on a wide range and statistically meaningful samples of targets. These include pulsating and rapidly rotating stars, mass-loss via accretion and mass-transfer in interacting systems, and the highly-active environments surrounding black holes at the centers of more than 100 external galaxies. This represents a subsample of what is sure to be a tremendous and serendipitous list of science cases as we move ahead into the era of new space telescopes and synoptic surveys. Additional investigations into imaging man-made objects will be undertaken, which are of particular interest to the defense and space-industry communities as more human endeavors are moved into the space environment. In 2016 the first MROI telescope was delivered and deployed at Magdalena Ridge in the maintenance facility. Having undergone initial check-out and fitting the system with optics and a fast tip-tilt system, we eagerly anticipate installing the telescope enclosure in 2018. The telescope and enclosure will be integrated at the facility and moved to the center of the interferometric array by late summer of 2018 with a demonstration of the performance of an entire beamline from telescope to beam combiner table shortly thereafter. At this point, deploying two more telescopes and demonstrating fringe-tracking, bootstrapping and limiting magnitudes for the facility will prove the full promise of MROI. A complete status update of all subsystems follows in the paper, as well as discussions of potential collaborative initiatives.

The MROI fringe tracker: closing the loop on ICoNN

In February 2014, the Yale Exoplanet Laboratory was commissioned to design, build, and deliver a high resolution (R=60,000) spectrograph for the 1.65m telescope at the Molėtai Astronomical Observatory. The observatory is operated by the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy at Vilnius University. The Vilnius University Echelle Spectrograph (VUES) is a white-pupil design that is fed via an octagonal fiber from the telescope and has an operational bandpass from 400nm to 880nm. VUES incorporates a novel modular optomechanical design that allows for quick assembly and alignment on commercial optical tables. This approach allowed the spectrograph to be assembled and commissioned at Yale using lab optical tables and then reassembled at the observatory on a different optical table with excellent repeatability. The assembly and alignment process for the spectrograph was reduced to a few days, allowing the spectrograph to be completely disassembled for shipment to Lithuania, and then installed at the obse...

Design of AMASING: a new aperture masking instrument for high-resolution imaging at optical wavelengths

The characterization of ICoNN, the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometers fringe tracker, through labor tory simulations is presented. The performance limits of an interferometer are set by its ability to keep the optical path difference between combination partners minimized. This is the job of the fringe tracker. Understanding the behavior and limits of the fringe tracker in a controlled environment is key to maximize the science output. This is being done with laboratory simulations of on-sky fringe tracking, termed the closed-loop fringe experi ment. The closed-loop fringe experiment includes synthesizing a white light source and atmospheric piston with estimation of the tracking error being fed back to mock delay lines in real-time. We report here on the progress of the closed-loop fringe experiment detailing its design, layout, controls and software.