Filomeno Encarnación

Body mass of wild Callimico goeldii

The phylogenetic position of Goeldi’s monkey, Callimico goeldii, is a matter of ongoing discussion. Due to the combination of traits that link this species to the large New World primates of the family Cebidae1 (three molars, single offspring) on one hand and to the small primates of the family Callitrichidae (claws on all digits except the hallux) on the other hand, this species has been variably classified in its own family Callimiconidae [2], aligned with the Cebidae [3] or with the Callitrichidae [1, 4]. More recently, there is agreement to include Callimico in the Callitrichidae, and a phylogenetic sequence has been proposed in which Callimico separated as the first offshoot from the line leading to the other callitrichid genera [5]. Genetic data have now challenged this view and align Callimico as a sister taxon with the Callithrix/Cebuella clade [6, 7], a scheme that had already been proposed by Cronin and Sarich [8] on immunological grounds. Body size is a key trait in the discussion of the position of Callimico and the phylogeny of the Callitrichidae as a whole [5]. Many tests of phylogenetic hypothesis use allometric relations and therefore depend on correct body size data. While linear dimensions (e.g. head-body length) are probably less affected by captive conditions, body mass is often much higher in captive callitrichids [9, 10]. Published body mass data for Callimico refer primarily to animals of captive or unknown origin (table 1). Most are surprisingly high, given the fact that the head-body length of Callimico is Received: April 7, 1997 Accepted: May 6, 1997

Sharing of sleeping sites betweenAotus vociferans with other mammals in the Peruvian Amazon

In studies performed during 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1991, in the seasonally flooded forest of the Napo and Nanay river basin, we recorded seven instances of cohabitation in night monkeys,Aotus vociferans. Cohabitation refers to the sharing of a sleeping site of one species of animal with other different species of animals (Aquino & Encarnacion, 1986). We also recorded two instances of cooccupation of night monkeys with other species of nocturnal mammals. Cooccupation refers to the independent use of different sleeping sites within the same tree by two or more species of animals. This study is the first report of cooccupation within the generaAotus. Forty-five sleeping trees with entrance holes were used by the night monkeys. In addition, one sleeping site was observed in a small concavity of the foliar sheath on aMauritia flexuosa palm.

The range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878): distributions and sympatry of four tamarin species in Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru

A detailed understanding of the range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878), in Amazonian Peru and Ecuador is of particular relevance, not only because it is poorly known but also because it was on the basis of its supposed sympatry with the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus) that Thorington (Am J Primatol 15:367–371, 1988) argued that it is a distinct species rather than a saddleback tamarin subspecies, as was believed by Hershkovitz (Living new world monkeys, vol I. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1977). A number of surveys have been carried out since 1988 in the supposed range of S. tripartitus, in both Ecuador and Peru. Here we summarize and discuss these issues and provide a new suggestion for the geographic range of this species; that is, between the ríos Napo and Curaray in Peru and extending east into Ecuador. We also review current evidence for the distributions of Spix’s black-mantle tamarin (S. nigricollis nigricollis), Graells’ black-mantle tamarin (S. n. graellsi), and the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus), which are also poorly known, and examine the evidence regarding sympatry between them. We conclude that despite the existence of a number of specimens with collecting localities that indicate overlap in their geographic ranges, the fact that the four tamarin species are of similar size and undoubtedly very similar in their feeding habits militates strongly against the occurrence of sympatry among them.

Biochemical diversity and genetic distances in the Pitheciinae subfamily (primates, platyrrhini)

One hundred and forty-three sakis (Pithecia), 107 bearded sakis (Chiropotes), and 7 red uakaris (Cacajao) were studied in relation to 18 genetic loci expressed on blood through electrophoretic techniques. Eight of the 18 loci showed intrapopulational variation. The low level of genetic diversity found inPithecia could be a consequence of a decrease in populational size due to intense habitat destruction. The genetic distances between the species investigated were:Pithecia ×Chiropotes: 0.49;Pithecia ×Cacajao: 0.57;Cacajao ×Chiropotes: 0.18–0.20. These results suggest, in accordance with other data, thatChiropotes andCacajao constitute a sister group within the pithecines.

Erratum to: The range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne-Edwards, 1878): distributions and sympatry of four tamarins in Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru

In the fourth and third lines from the end of the abstract, in the right column of the page, the text should read: ‘‘…the four tamarins are…’’