Frances Bell

Discussion across Borders: Benefits for Collaborative Learning.

Online learning is facilitated by various forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC). In higher education, CMC presents an opportunity to expand the learning community, even across national borders. This paper reports on two cycles of action research into the use of online discussion forums to enable groups of students from different countries to collaborate with each other in achieving learning outcomes specific to each group. The research data was obtained from questionnaires and focus groups with students and analysis of the content of the online discussion. The discussion was focused on the evaluation of prototype learning systems, produced by one group of students and evaluated by groups from two institutions in different countries, each of which had different, yet reciprocal, objectives to achieve from participating in the activity. The findings highlight the potential complexity of such an asymmetric collaborative activity, but indicate several advantages to students when the activity forms a distinct part of the pedagogical framework of their modules. For tutors planning similar trans-national collaborations, guidance points are offered that incorporate the findings from the research. Discussion par delÀ les frontières: les bénéfices de l’apprentissage coopératif. L’apprentissage en ligne est facilité par des formes variées de communication par ordinateurs (computer mediated communication CMC) Dans l’enseignement supérieur la CMC fournit l’occasion d’élarger la communauté d’apprentissage, même par delÀ les frontières. Dans cet article nous faisons rapport sur 2 cycles de recherche – action dans l’utilisation de forums de discussion en ligne pour donner la possibilité À des groupes d’étudiants de différents pays de callaborer l’un avec l’autre en réussiant des résultats d’apprentissage spécifiques À chaque groupe. Nos résultats de recherche ont été obtenues À partir de questionnaires et de groupes choisis d’étudiants et de l’analyse de contenu des discussions en ligne. La discussion était centrée sur l’évaluation de systèmes d’apprentissage prototypes produits par un groupe d’étudiants et évalués par des groupes de deux institutions dans des pays différents, chacun d’eux ayant des objectifs différents, et cependant réciproques, pour les réaliser par la participation à l’activité. Les résultats mettent en valeur la complexité potentielle d’une telle activité asymétrique coopérative, mais mentionnent divers avantages pour les étudiants lorsque l’activité forme une partie distincte du cadre pédagogique de leurs modules. Tous les tuteurs qui font des plans de telles collaborations transnationales, nous proposons des conseils et des lignes directrices qui incorporent les résultats de notre recherche. Besprechungen über Grenzen hinweg: Hilfen für Gemeinschaftliches Lernen. Online-Learning wird durch verschiedene Formen computergestützter Kommunikation (CMC: computer mediated communication) erleichtert. Im Bereich der höheren Bildung können durch CMC die Lerngemeinschaften ausgeweitet werden, selbst über nationale Grenzen hinaus. Mit diesem Beitrag berichten wir über zwei Zyklen von Wirkungsforschung in der Nutzung von Online-Diskussionsforen zur Ermöglichung von Zusammenarbeit zwischen Studentengruppen aus verschiedenen Ländern durch Benutzung von Arbeitsergebnissen der anderen Gruppen. Die Daten für unsere Ergebnisse haben wir über Fragebogen und studentische Focus-Gruppen sowie durch Analyse des Inhalts der Online-Diskussion erhalten. Die Diskussion war auf die Auswertung von Muster-Lehrsystemen konzentriert, die von einer Studentengruppe produziert und von Gruppen zweier Institutionen aus verschiedenen Ländern evaluiert. Jede Gruppe hatte unterschiedliche, sogar entgegengesetzte Aufgaben durch Teilnahme an der Aktion zu erfüllen. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die potentielle Komplexität einer solchen asymmetrischen Zusammenarbeit, weisen aber auf verschiedene Vorteile für Studenten hin, wenn die Aktivität einen deutlic hen Teil des pädagogisc hen Rasters ihrer Module dar stellt. Für Tutoren, die ähnlic he über nationale Zusammenarbeiten planen, stellen wir gerne Leitfäden mit den Ergebnissen unserer Forschung zur Verfügung.

Tackling the digital divide: exploring the impact of ICT on managing heart conditions in a deprived area

The Internet is increasingly used to communicate health knowledge and there is growing belief that it can help transform both personal and public health. There is no lack of information on healthy lifestyles, but the manner of communication of risk and the level of support for lifestyle change need improvement, especially among deprived populations. Assisting vulnerable persons to increase their health knowledge could help them to be more responsible for maintaining their health. The Internet offers potential for interactivity by providing a dynamic medium for influencing learning and behaviour change, especially in so far as it enables inter-subjective communication among peers. This paper examines how the Internet might help tackle health inequalities by improving communication of risk and providing support for those who are most susceptible to changing their behaviour. The authors provide a descriptive account of whether facilitated access to the Internet may improve the capacity of older men to manage their heart conditions. Nine men aged 50 to 74 living in multiply deprived areas of Salford were given computers, Internet access and training for six months. Interviews and qualitative data were collected to assess the influence the Internet had on the management of their heart conditions before they were given the computers, after six months and three years after they were introduced to the Internet. The study was exploratory but its results suggest that interactive learning is worthwhile because it can help strengthen social support and influence behaviour change. Home access to the Internet via their own personal computer had a beneficial influence in building confidence and facilitating healthy behaviour change. Although less than half of the participants had ever used the Internet before the study, the majority of them reported using the Internet and email regularly after their involvement in the project.

With regard to respect: a framework for governance of educational virtual communities

We use theories of computer-mediated communication and virtual communities to explore the governance of web-based educational communities. Two parallel cycles of action research are reported to inform our discussion, one intervention driven by perceived needs within the department, and the other that occurred as an ad hoc response to a student request. Our analysis recognises that governance arrangements for web-based educational communities in general, and discussion fora one such group in particular, have to operate within a web of existing and evolving institutional policies and procedures. We propose a framework for the development of norms for educational discussion forums in an institutional setting.

Metacognition and Lifelong E-Learning: A Contextual and Cyclical Process

Metacognition is arguably an important conceptualisation within the area of lifelong e-learning, with many theorists and practitioners claiming that it enhances the learning process. However, the lifelong, cyclical and flexible aspects of ‘before’, ‘during’ and ‘after’ metacognitions within lifelong e-learning (inclusive of whether an ‘input’ necessarily leads to a completed ‘output’) seem marginal within current areas of practical and theoretical debate. This article analyses Reevess (1997) model of web-based learning in the context of the ADAPT project; a study of lifelong learners based in small and medium sized enterprises. The article focuses upon an analysis of this models view of metacognition, and in the light of the project findings and literature review, aims to put forward an extended and expanded version of the model with reference to lifelong e-learning.

Only connect? Complexities in international student communication

This article explores the potential and limitations of international educational collaboration using the concept of connection, a term with different meanings that are sometimes conflated to produce unrealistic expectations of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The authors explore the use on the Internet of the ‘only connect’ quote from Howards End, in order to critique technological determinism and advocate an alternative approach that recognises the interpretive flexibility inherent in CMC. In a communication-rich experience such as education, the limitations of CMC are evident, particularly for non-native speakers, but the medium does offer some advantages over face-to-face communication. The authors introduce the notion of ‘cool webs’ to understand some responses to the challenges presented by international student collaboration online, illustrated by examples from the Collaboration Across Borders project.

International educational collaboration: student reactions to peer evaluation at a distance

This paper presents a pedagogical model of online student collaboration and discusses results of collaboration of students from UK, Netherlands, Germany and Australia, participated in peer-evaluation of multimedia presentations. Analysis of the post-collaboration survey revealed that, while students, irrespective of their role in the collaboration, responded positively to perceived academic benefits of engaging in discussion, they had more critical attitudes toward specific parameters of the collaboration - timing of the activity and its general planning, allocation of projects between evaluators and shortage of social, off-topic interaction.

Whatever Happened to Information Systems Ethics

This paper explores the development of information systems and computer ethics along separate trajectories over the 20 years since the first Manchester Conference, and ponders how things might have been and could be different. Along each trajectory, the challenge of aligning theory and practice has stimulated much research. We evaluate some of this research with respect to this alignment, discuss ethical theories and behavior, and explore the role of education in the development of practitioners who can and do behave ethically. We recommend the inclusion of the ethics of care, and more research into the teaching and learning of ethics as part of the personal journey of students, teachers, and practitioners.

Using SSM and Software Prototyping: an Emergent Methodology for an Ethical Information System

We examine one particular example of multi-paradigm methodology — the combination of Soft Systems Methodology and software prototyping — to identify its strengths and weaknesses when used in the analysis of an ‘ethically sensitive’ information system. A range of theories and concepts is used to explore the emergent methodology, and the issues of boundary setting and participation are addressed in the context of this case study. The methodology is found generally effective but the ethical issues are seen to be privileged at the expense of the organisational analysis.

The role of people and organisations in learning technology practice

This issue of Research in Learning Technology reflects the importance of people and organisations in the effective application of learning technology. Our journal aims (amongst other goals) to spread good practice in the use of learning technology, and the papers in this issue can help to achieve this aim. Creating an issue is as much about happenstance as planning but it is always interesting to see what the assembled papers have in common. In this collection of papers, there is a strong practice theme emerging. DOI: 10.1080/21567069.2011.586809