Francisco Alcocer

Abdominal aortic aneurysms in "high-risk" surgical patients: comparison of open and endovascular repair.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the early results of endovascular grafting for high-risk surgical candidates in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Summary Background DataSince the approval of endoluminal grafts for treatment of AAA, endovascular repair of AAA (EVAR) has expanded to include patients originally considered too ill for open AAA repair. However, some concern has been expressed regarding technical failure and the durability of endovascular grafts. MethodsThe University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Computerized Vascular Registry identified all patients who underwent abdominal aneurysm repair between January 1, 2000, and June 12, 2002. Patients were stratified by type of repair (open AAA vs. EVAR) and were classified as low risk or high risk. Patients with at least one of the following classifications were classified as high risk: age more than 80 years, chronic renal failure (creatinine > 2.0), compromised cardiac function (diminished ventricular function or severe coronary artery disease), poor pulmonary function, reoperative aortic procedure, a “hostile” abdomen, or an emergency operation. Death, systemic complications, and length of stay were tabulated for each group. ResultsDuring this 28-month period, 404 patients underwent AAA repair at UAB. Eighteen patients (4.5%) died within 30 days of their repair or during the same hospitalization. Two hundred seventeen patients (53%) were classified as high risk. Two hundred fifty-nine patients (64%) underwent EVAR repair, and 130 (50%) of these were considered high-risk patients (including four emergency procedures). One hundred forty-five patients (36%) underwent open AAA repair, including 15 emergency operations. All deaths occurred in the high-risk group: 12 (8.3%) died after open AAA repair and 6 (2.3%) died after EVAR repair. Postoperative length of stay was shorter for EVAR repair compared to open AAA. ConclusionsHigh-risk and low-risk patients can undergo EVAR repair with a lower rate of short-term systemic complications and a shorter length of stay compared to open AAA. Despite concern regarding the durability of EVAR, high-risk patients should be evaluated for EVAR repair before committing to open AAA repair.

Controversies in carotid stenting.

Endovascular therapies are now commonly used in many vascular sites. However, the role for carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) remains an unproven therapy with some potential benefits. Initial results of CAS were worse than the surgical standard of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and did not meet American Heart Association guidelines. However, recent improvements have resulted in improved stroke morbidity rate that may approach that of CEA. Specifically, the embolic problem associated with CAS has been reduced with embolic protection devices, but the ultimate effect of these protection devices remains uncertain. Initial comparison studies of CAS to CEA showed an unacceptably high stroke morbidity rate in the CAS group. As a result, multiple randomized clinical trials have been initiated to compare the results of CAS with embolic protection to that of CEA. While these studies are underway, the authors advocate a careful application of CAS to be used as a complementary tool for the carotid surgeon to use in special circumstances when CEA cannot be undertaken with acceptable morbidity. Furthermore, since the reported stroke morbidity rate of CAS exceeds the AHA recommendation for treatment of asymptomatic patients, most nonsurgical patients with asymptomatic disease should be treated with medical therapy.

Dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) is associated with increased all-cause mortality after carotid revascularization for asymptomatic carotid disease

OBJECTIVE Despite the established guidelines, there is not a clear consensus about how to manage antiplatelet therapy after carotid surgery. It is a common practice in vascular surgery to use the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel in the treatment of such patients. In this work, we analyzed the impact on long-term survival of antiplatelet therapy in patients treated for carotid stenosis at a single institution over a 10-year period. METHODS Outcomes of 471 patients who underwent carotid intervention (1999-2008) were analyzed. Discharge prescription summaries were retrieved, and patients were divided into two groups according to their antiplatelet regimen: aspirin-only group and aspirin plus clopidogrel group. Only patients with a minimum of 30 days of confirmed antiplatelet therapy were included. All-cause mortality during follow-up represented the primary outcome, whereas stroke and bleeding at 30 days and during follow-up represented secondary end points. When local records were sparse, the Social Security Death Index was queried to confirm mortality. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9 codes), was reviewed for treatment related to a bleeding condition. RESULTS When divided by indication, there was an increased mortality rate in patients with asymptomatic carotid disease receiving dual antiplatelet therapy as compared with aspirin alone (47% vs 40%; P = .05). Patients with symptomatic carotid disease had a nonsignificant decrease in all-cause mortality if they received dual antiplatelet therapy (38% vs 39%; P = .53). In a subgroup analysis, there was a significant increase in the rate of all-cause mortality among patients older than 75 years receiving dual antiplatelet therapy for asymptomatic carotid disease (82% vs 56%; P = .001), whereas there was a nonsignificant decrease in mortality in patients older than 75 years receiving dual antiplatelet therapy for symptomatic carotid disease (47% vs 63%; P = .50). There was no difference in secondary outcomes (stroke and bleeding) regardless of the indication or the antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective, single-institution study, the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) in patients intervened for asymptomatic carotid disease was related to increased all-cause mortality, whereas it did not significantly influence the outcome in patients with symptomatic carotid disease.

Early Palma procedure after iliac vein injury in abdominal penetrating trauma.

Ligation for penetrating abdominal vein trauma may have better outcome than a vascular reconstruction in an unstable patient. However, symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency may appear over time. We describe our surgical experience with 4 patients who underwent iliac vein ligation followed by venous bypass with a modified Palma derivation between 48 and 240 hours after sustaining penetrating abdominal trauma with concomitant iliac vein injury. Patients were assessed for venous symptoms and conduit patency with continuous wave Doppler and duplex scanning. One graft occluded acutely and the remaining three remain patent with functioning valves. In order to preserve venous outflow after severe iliac vein injury, we think that venous ligation as a part of damage control surgery followed by a modified Palma operation may prevent chronic symptoms of venous outflow obstruction without compromising an already injured patient.

Small skin incision and fistula elevation for hemodialysis using the femoral vein

BACKGROUND Wound morbidity commonly accompanies transposition of the femoral vein when used for hemodialysis access, mainly because of the length of the skin incision. A short incision may reduce wound complications but may compromise the arteriovenous (AV) function because of the shorter length of femoral vein available for puncture. This report presents our experience with a modification of the original technique, in which a smaller skin incision and fistula elevation were used. METHODS The clinical course of 25 AV fistulas in the thigh using the femoral vein was retrospectively analyzed. The original technique to create femoral AV access was used in 12 patients and the modified technique in 13. The procedures were performed between 2005 and 2007, and patients were monitored until January 31, 2011. RESULTS Three fistulas failed in each group. Five patients in the original group had wound complications. No wound complications occurred in the modified group. The fistula was first used at an average of 10.45 weeks and 6.14 weeks, respectively. Patency was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to obtain a functional AV fistula in the thigh using the femoral vessels and limiting the extent of the incision. Long-term patency is reasonable, despite the use of a short femoral segment for puncture.