Francisco Lizcano Fernández

Conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadanía y civismo

Este articulo distingue e interrelaciona dos concepciones de ciudadania en relacion con las colectividades soberanas o paises: la juridico-politica y la etico-politica. Para delimitar al ciudadano segun la primera concepcion, se divide a los habitantes en inmigrantes y nacionales, y a estos en ciudadanos en sentido restringido y subditos o nacionales sin derechos politicos (integrados por menores de edad y ciudadanos con los derechos politicos suspendidos). Respecto a la concepcion etico-politica, los habitantes son divididos en ninos o inmaduros psicologicamente para la participacion politica y ciudadanos en sentido amplio, los cuales se dividen en pasivos y activos. Estos ultimos se dividen a su vez en gremiales e ideologicos, los cuales pueden ser autoritarios y democraticos. Estas clasificaciones, con las definiciones correspondientes, se elaboran a partir de comparar lo dicho sobre los conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadania y civismo en tres diccionarios de la lengua y en ocho obras lexicograficas especializadas.This article states the differences and relationships between two conceptions of citizenship _one concerned with juridical aspects and the other with ethical aspects_ in relation to sovereign communities or countries. To define the ‘citizen’ according to the first conception, inhabitants may be 1) immigrants or 2) nationals; nationals are subclassified as 2.1) citizens or 2.2) subjects, i.e., nationals without political rights (children and citizens with suspended political rights). According to the second conception, inhabitants are classified as 1) children or people psychologically unable to fulfill political participation and 2) citizens in broad sense; citizens are subclassified in 2.1) passive or 2.2) active. Active citizens may be either union citizens or ideological citizens, which can be authoritarian or democratic. These classifications and definitions are drawn from comparing what has been said about the concepts of citizen, citizenship and civic-mindedness in three language dictionaries and eight lexicographical dictionaries and encyclopedias.

La transición a la democracia en el Estado de México desde una perspectiva jurídico-electoral (1978-2012)

This research paper has as its main purpose to compare diachronically the electoral law of Mexico State between 1978 and 2012, which has ruled the different elections of governor, members of the local congress and municipalities of this Mexican federal entity. From this analysis, we demonstrate that the enactment of the Electoral Code of Mexico State in 1996 expresses a profound change in the democratic quality of the electoral law of Mexico State, since it sets up norms that assure qualitatively superior levels of neatness and fairness than those achieved through the Act of Political Organizations and Electoral Procedures of Mexico State, which was enforced between 1978 and 1996.

Concepts of citizen, citizenship and civic

Este articulo distingue e interrelaciona dos concepciones de ciudadania en relacion con las colectividades soberanas o paises: la juridico-politica y la etico-politica. Para delimitar al ciudadano segun la primera concepcion, se divide a los habitantes en inmigrantes y nacionales, y a estos en ciudadanos en sentido restringido y subditos o nacionales sin derechos politicos (integrados por menores de edad y ciudadanos con los derechos politicos suspendidos). Respecto a la concepcion etico-politica, los habitantes son divididos en ninos o inmaduros psicologicamente para la participacion politica y ciudadanos en sentido amplio, los cuales se dividen en pasivos y activos. Estos ultimos se dividen a su vez en gremiales e ideologicos, los cuales pueden ser autoritarios y democraticos. Estas clasificaciones, con las definiciones correspondientes, se elaboran a partir de comparar lo dicho sobre los conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadania y civismo en tres diccionarios de la lengua y en ocho obras lexicograficas especializadas.This article states the differences and relationships between two conceptions of citizenship _one concerned with juridical aspects and the other with ethical aspects_ in relation to sovereign communities or countries. To define the ‘citizen’ according to the first conception, inhabitants may be 1) immigrants or 2) nationals; nationals are subclassified as 2.1) citizens or 2.2) subjects, i.e., nationals without political rights (children and citizens with suspended political rights). According to the second conception, inhabitants are classified as 1) children or people psychologically unable to fulfill political participation and 2) citizens in broad sense; citizens are subclassified in 2.1) passive or 2.2) active. Active citizens may be either union citizens or ideological citizens, which can be authoritarian or democratic. These classifications and definitions are drawn from comparing what has been said about the concepts of citizen, citizenship and civic-mindedness in three language dictionaries and eight lexicographical dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Conceitos de cidadão, cidadania e civismo

Este articulo distingue e interrelaciona dos concepciones de ciudadania en relacion con las colectividades soberanas o paises: la juridico-politica y la etico-politica. Para delimitar al ciudadano segun la primera concepcion, se divide a los habitantes en inmigrantes y nacionales, y a estos en ciudadanos en sentido restringido y subditos o nacionales sin derechos politicos (integrados por menores de edad y ciudadanos con los derechos politicos suspendidos). Respecto a la concepcion etico-politica, los habitantes son divididos en ninos o inmaduros psicologicamente para la participacion politica y ciudadanos en sentido amplio, los cuales se dividen en pasivos y activos. Estos ultimos se dividen a su vez en gremiales e ideologicos, los cuales pueden ser autoritarios y democraticos. Estas clasificaciones, con las definiciones correspondientes, se elaboran a partir de comparar lo dicho sobre los conceptos de ciudadano, ciudadania y civismo en tres diccionarios de la lengua y en ocho obras lexicograficas especializadas.This article states the differences and relationships between two conceptions of citizenship _one concerned with juridical aspects and the other with ethical aspects_ in relation to sovereign communities or countries. To define the ‘citizen’ according to the first conception, inhabitants may be 1) immigrants or 2) nationals; nationals are subclassified as 2.1) citizens or 2.2) subjects, i.e., nationals without political rights (children and citizens with suspended political rights). According to the second conception, inhabitants are classified as 1) children or people psychologically unable to fulfill political participation and 2) citizens in broad sense; citizens are subclassified in 2.1) passive or 2.2) active. Active citizens may be either union citizens or ideological citizens, which can be authoritarian or democratic. These classifications and definitions are drawn from comparing what has been said about the concepts of citizen, citizenship and civic-mindedness in three language dictionaries and eight lexicographical dictionaries and encyclopedias.