Frank H. Hankins

Darwin Competition and Cooperation.

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German Policies for Increasing Births

Germany is the first of the great nations to become population conscious and to develop a set of policies designed both to increase the birth-rate and to improve hereditary quality. Her rural-settlement program emphasizes both the small suburban holding and the small farm. The latter, both new and old, have been converted into hereditary estates. This policy is expected to increase the food supply, restore a better balance between city and country, as well as encourage the increase of sound stock. The marriage-loan policy has been accompanied by a great increase in marriages and a phenomenal increase in births. This increase had been sustained through the third quarter of 1936. Its causes, however, are obscure. Some influence must be attributed to reduction of abortions; very probably new psychological attitudes were also influential.

Pressure of Population as a Cause of War

which give rise to it change from century to century in correspondence with changes in the social setting. There seems to be no form of internal social organization that eliminates its causes. It has flourished under tribalism, feudalism, monarchy, democracy, plutocracy, and both mass and individual dictatorships. Moreover, as with all important social phenomena, war does not spring from a single factor or condition; its causes constitute a social complex, which may never be twice the same. Here as elsewhere in the social field, it is extremely difficult to isolate the causal conditions with certainty and assurance. It follows that lists of the causes of

HAROLD A. BONER. Hungry Generations: The Nineteenth Century Case Against Malthusianism. Pp. viii, 234. New York: King's Crown Press, 1955.

who are psychotic or emotionally disturbed. Dr. Fletcher deplores, in this connection, the tendency among physicians to treat diseases rather than persons-an impersonal approach which he ascribes to specialization and a resulting indifference to human values. It may be added, however, that this attitude derived originally from the nineteenth-century emphasis upon a localized, specific pathology, which logically focused attention on diseases as such. The situation is being modified today, quite apart from its moral aspects, by a partial

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come evident, and these shortcomings persist even when it is remembered that the volume is designed &dquo;for the student and the public, not for the expert in ’stimuli and response.’ &dquo; Basic to the volume is a battery of seventy-seven propaganda techniques, presented, it appears, as fundamentals in terms of which the art of propaganda may be analyzed. These include such categories as cloak of virtue, red herrings, purr words, history proves, window dressing, black and white contrast, ignoring, picturizing, theatrics-to name a few. The difficulty is that while four chapters are given

HANDLIN, OSCAR. The American People in the Twentieth Century. (Library of Congress Series in American Civiliza tion.) Pp. x, 244. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954.

the great bulk of the landless laborers; and (4) full-time &dquo;free&dquo; wage laborers, divided into plantation laborers and &dquo;employees of other capitalistic and well-to-do farmers&dquo; (p. 131). Dr. Patel concludes that in 1931 categories (2) and (3) embraced some 72 million out of a total agricultural working population of 111 million, and that approximately 79 of the 111 million, mostly tenants-at-will and underemployed laborers, had no rights to the land. He calls attention to the &dquo;tremendous under-utilization of human resources&dquo; (p. 150), a condition which is one of the most apparent and most alarming features of the current Indian scene. In spite of the paucity and unreliability of statistical information, and of the difficulties of classification, the author has made a contribution of first importance to

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material trends. Thus he would believe that a direct rational attempt to point out the errors of the white man’s ways and opinions would have more effect on race relations than, say, the industrialization or general education of Negroes. Both factors, of course, play a role; but a deeper understanding of the evolution of culture and the psychological makeup of man would have given more weight to his interpretation. Though the treatise is quite thin in its theoretical aspects, it contains an amazing amount of factual material critically examined as to its reliability and inclusiveness. There are also excellent suggestions regarding further research problems. The 1024 pages of text are organized into eleven parts, with &dquo;Economics&dquo; and &dquo;Leadership and Concerted Action&dquo; receiving by far the greatest amount of attention. The unusual emphasis given to the latter reflects the author’s absorbing interest in social engineering. The numbered footnotes have been placed at the end of Vol. II, which is especially awkward and inconvenient, since they contain much material well worth consulting, including references to numerous research memoranda prepared for the study. MAURICE R. DAVIE

BENTWICH, NORMAN. Israel. Pp. 224. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953.

a &dquo;progressive&dquo; politician, such, notably, as the late Senator Borah, whom he shows as something of a trimmer and something of a blatherskite. Unfortunately the author’s superior, smart-alecky manner alienates sympathy. It suggests a lack of psychological wisdom, of an adequate understanding of the character and function of &dquo;inflation&dquo; in the mental life, and of its dynamic import in morale. The author properly calls attention to the hold of Hitlerism over the mind of German youth, and serenely ignores the notorious fact that this power is purely a consequence of &dquo;inflation.&dquo; The fact is that in order to deflate other people’s ideals, the author inflates his own ideal of deflation until he comes to such a crucial

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DENNISON, HENRY S., et al. Toward Full Employment. Pp. xiii, 297. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1938.

KLINEBERG, OTTO (Ed.). Characteristics of the American Negro. Pp. xii, 409. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944.

2.50. This book, by the presidents of four business firms, presents a co-ordinated program of budget, monetary, and tax policies for combating depressions. The authors advocate a flexible budget, overbalanced in prosperity and unbalanced in depression, with plans and appropriations well in advance so that the depression budgets will seem normal and therefore will not terrify the timid business executive. They propose that the Government borrow from the banks during a slump in order to maintain the money supply, and spend such created bank accounts in order to put the money to work. They also advocate a shift of one billion dollars of the present tax burden from consumption to savings or &dquo;thrift.&dquo;