Frederic Fluteau

Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years

The Eurasian climates of today, 10 million and 3O million years ago are simulated using an atmospheric general circulation model that incorporates realistic continental geography and epicontinental sea distributions. The resulting climates compare well with various palaeoclimate records. The retreat of the Paratethys–an epicontinental sea–shifts the central Asian climate from temperate to continental conditions, and plays as important a role as uplift of the Himalayan/Tibetan plateau in driving the Asian monsoon changes.

Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous‐Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500‐m‐thick composite section

[1]xa0The present paper completes a restudy of the main lava pile in the Deccan flood basalt province (trap) of India. Chenet et al. (2008) reported results from the upper third, and this paper reports the lower two thirds of the 3500-m-thick composite section. The methods employed are the same, i.e., combined use of petrology, volcanology, chemostratigraphy, morphology, K-Ar absolute dating, study of sedimentary alteration horizons, and as the main correlation tool, analysis of detailed paleomagnetic remanence directions. The thickness and volume of the flood basalt province studied in this way are therefore tripled. A total of 169 sites from eight new sections are reported in this paper. Together with the results of Chenet et al. (2008), these data represent in total 70% of the 3500-m combined section of the main Deccan traps province. This lava pile was erupted in some 30 major eruptive periods or single eruptive events (SEE), each with volumes ranging from 1000 to 20,000 km3 and 41 individual lava units with a typical volume of 1300 km3. Paleomagnetic analysis shows that some SEEs with thicknesses attaining 200 m were emplaced over distances in excess of 100 km (both likely underestimates, due to outcrop conditions) and up to 800 km. The total time of emission of all combined SEEs could have been (much) less than 10 ka, with most of the time recorded in a very small number of intervening alteration levels marking periods of volcanic quiescence (so-called “big red boles”). The number of boles, thickness of the pulses, and morphology of the traps suggest that eruptive fluxes and volumes were larger in the older formations and slowed down with more and longer quiescence periods in the end. On the basis of geochronologic results published by Chenet et al. (2007) and paleontological results from Keller et al. (2008), we propose that volcanism occurred in three rather short, discrete phases or megapulses, an early one at ∼67.5 ± 1 Ma near the C30r/C30n transition and the two largest around 65 ± 1 Ma, one entirely within C29r just before the K-T boundary, the other shortly afterward spanning the C29r/C29n reversal. We next estimate sulfur dioxide (likely a major agent of environmental stress) amounts and fluxes released by SEEs: they would have ranged from 5 to 100 Gt and 0.1 to 1 Gt/a, respectively, over durations possibly as short as 100 years for each SEE. The chemical input of the Chicxulub impact would have been on the same order as that of a very large single pulse. The impact, therefore, appears as important but incremental, neither the sole nor main cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinctions.

Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: Results from a 1200-m-thick section in the Mahabaleshwar escarpment

[1]xa0Flow-by-flow reanalysis of paleomagnetic directions in two sections of the Mahabaleshwar escarpment, coupled with analysis of intertrappean alteration levels shows that volcanism spanned a much shorter time than previously realized. The sections comprise the upper part of magnetic chron C29r, transitional directions and the lowermost part of C29n. Lack of paleosecular variation allows identification of four directional groups, implying very large (40 to 180 m thick) single eruptive events (SEEs) having occurred in a few decades. Paleomagnetism allows temporal constraints upon the formation of 9 out of 23 thin red bole levels found in the sections to no more than a few decades; the two thickest altered layers could have formed in 1 to 50 ka. The typical volumes of SEEs (corresponding to magnetic directional groups) are estimated at 3000 to 20,000 km3, with flux rates ∼100 km3 a−1, having lasted for decades. Flood basalt emission can be translated into SO2 injection rates of several Gt a−1, which could have been the main agent of environmental change. The total volume of SO2 emitted by the larger SEEs could be on the order of that released by the Chicxulub impact. Moreover, each SEE may have injected 10 to 100 times more SO2 in the atmosphere than the deleterious 1783 Laki eruption. The detailed time sequence of SEEs appears to be the key feature having controlled the extent of climate change. If several SEEs erupted in a short sequence (compared to the equilibration time of the ocean), they could have generated a runaway effect leading to mass extinction.

Simulating the evolution of the Asian and African monsoons during the past 30 Myr using an atmospheric general circulation model

At geologic timescales, many proxy data suggest a contrasting evolution of Asian and African monsoons since the Oligocene. The Asian summer monsoon increases drastically around 8 Ma, whereas the African summer monsoon gradually weakens during the Miocene. Using an atmospheric general circulation model, we simulate most of the spatial evolutions of both monsoons only accounting for the changes of paleogeography, including continental drift, orogeny, and sea level change. The paleogeographic changes modify drastically the climate over central and southern Asia between the Oligocene and the present. The retreat of an epicontinental sea warms central Eurasia in summer. The heating of this area and the uplifts of the Tibetan plateau and of the Himalayas deepen the Asian low-pressure cell and displace it northwest. This then shifts precipitation from Indochina toward the southern flank of the Himalayas. This is in good agreement with proxy data. Therefore our modeling studies support a shift and a strengthening of the Asian monsoon during the late Tertiary rather than a real “onset”. We suggest that the increase in seasonal precipitation and the strengthening of the number of days with heavy rainfall over the Himalayas from 30 Ma to the present may be of critical importance to explain the long-term evolution of physical erosion of this area. We also investigate the respective impact of the Paratethys shrinkage and of the Tibetan plateau uplift through sensitivity experiments and prove that the Paratethys retreat plays an important role in monsoon evolution. The northward drift of the African continent confines summer monsoon precipitation to a thin belt which favors the stretching of the subtropical desert, in good agreement with data. We finally show that during the Oligocene, the African and Asian monsoon systems are clearly separated by the Tethys seaway. The closure of this seaway and the evolution of the Asian monsoon induce a connection between both monsoon systems in the low and middle troposphere.

Paleoenvironment reconstructions and climate simulations of the Early Triassic: Impact of the water and sediment supply on the preservation of fluvial systems

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions and climatic modelling allow us to investigate the influence of water and sediment supply on the preservation of fluvial systems within a given geodynamic context. To simulate climate, we need global-scale paleoenvironmental and paleotopographic reconstructions. However, the present study only covers the West-Tethys domain, where sedimentological and stratigraphic data allow us to check climate simulation results against geological data. We focus our modelling on the Olenekian, with the aim of characterizing the impact of climate on fluvial sedimentation in the West-Tethys domain. The climatic simulations show that paleoclimates differ between Western Europe and North Africa. A more humid climate is simulated over North Africa, whereas a rather arid climate prevails over Western Europe. In Western Europe, the sediments are preserved for the most part in endoreic basins and the presence of rivers in an arid environment suggests that these rivers are mainly fed by precipitation falling on the North Africa Variscan Mountains. In North Africa, sedimentation is exclusively preserved in exoreic basins (coastal plain sediments). Consequently, the lack of preserved fluvial systems in endoreic basins in North Africa either could be due to a shortage of accommodation space in this area, or is linked to the climatic conditions that controlled the water and sediment supply.

Secular Geomagnetic Variations and Volcanic Pulses in the Permian-Triassic Traps of the Norilsk and Maimecha-Kotui Provinces

Detailed paleomagnetic studies have shown that the effusive Permian-Triassic traps in the Kotui River valley were formed as the result of volcanic activity, which occurred in the form of volcanic pulses and individual eruptions with net duration of at most 7000–8000 years, excluding the periods of volcanic quiescence. According to the analysis of the paleomagnetic data earlier obtained by Heunemann and his coauthors [2004b] on the Abagalakh and Listvyanka sections in the Norilsk region, those geological units were formed during 25 volcanic pulses and separate eruptions, which all lasted up to 8000 years altogether, whereas the total time of formation (including the periods of volcanic quiescence) exceeded 10000–100000 years for the Norilsk section and was probably a bit shorter for the Kotui section. Comparison of the positions of virtual geomagnetic poles calculated for the Norilsk and the Kotui sections provides no grounds to suggest that these sections were formed at different geological times. The scatter in the positions of the virtual geomagnetic poles (VGP) for the directional groups and individual directions (58 altogether) jointly for the two sections (more than 160 lava flows) indicates that the secular geomagnetic variations at the Permian-Triassic boundary had similar amplitudes to those that occurred in the past 5 Ma.

Is high obliquity a plausible cause for Neoproterozoic glaciations

[1]xa0The main features of the low-latitude Neoproterozoic glaciations remain the subject of controversial debates concerning possible triggers. Here we use an AGCM coupled with a slab ocean to test one of the earliest and simplest explanation for tropical glaciations: a higher obliquity of the Earths rotation axis. We show that high obliquity may result in an extensive glaciation during the Sturtian episode (750 Ma), due to the location of continental masses in the tropical areas, but cannot produce a large glaciation in the case of mid to high latitude paleogeographies such as those thought to typify the Varangian-Vendian episodes (620–580 Ma).