Fulvio De Bonis

The MCAO wavefront sensing system of LINC-NIRVANA: status report

LINC-NIRVANA is an infrared camera that will work in Fizeau interferometric way at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). The two beams that will be combined in the camera are corrected by an MCAO system, aiming to cancel the turbulence in a scientific field of view of 2 arcminutes. The MCAO wavefront sensors will be two for each arm, with the task to sense the atmosphere at two different altitudes (the ground one and a second height variable between a few kilometers and a maximum of 15 kilometers). The first wavefront sensor, namely the Ground layer Wavefront sensor (GWS), will drive the secondary adaptive mirror of LBT, while the second wavefront sensor, namely the Mid High layer Wavefront Sensor (MHWS) will drive a commercial deformable mirror which will also have the possibility to be conjugated to the same altitude of the correspondent wavefront sensor. The entire system is of course duplicated for the two telescopes, and is based on the Multiple Field of View (MFoV) Layer Oriented (LO) technique, having thus different FoV to select the suitable references for the two wavefront sensor: the GWS will use the light of an annular field of view from 2 to 6 arcminutes, while the MHWS will use the central 2 arcminutes part of the FoV. After LINC-NIRVANA has accomplished the final design review, we describe the MFoV wavefront sensing system together with its current status.

LINC-NIRVANA Pathfinder: testing the next generation of wave front sensors at LBT

LINC-NIRVANA will employ four wave front sensors to realize multi-conjugate correction on both arms of a Fizeau interferometer for LBT. Of these, one of the two ground-layer wave front sensors, together with its infrared test camera, comprise a stand-alone test platform for LINC-NIRVANA. Pathfinder is a testbed for full LINC-NIRVANA intended to identify potential interface problems early in the game, thus reducing both technical, and schedule, risk. Pathfinder will combine light from multiple guide stars, with a pyramid sensor dedicated to each star, to achieve ground-layer AO correction via an adaptive secondary: the 672-actuator thin shell at the LBT. The ability to achieve sky coverage by optically coadding light from multiple stars has been previously demonstrated; and the ability to achieve correction with an adaptive secondary has also been previously demonstrated. Pathfinder will be the first system at LBT to combine both of these capabilities. Since reporting our progress at A04ELT2, we have advanced the project in three key areas: definition of specific goals for Pathfinder tests at LBT, more detail in the software design and planning, and calibration. We report on our progress and future plans in these three areas, and on the project overall.

LINC-NIRVANA for the large binocular telescope: setting up the world’s largest near infrared binoculars for astronomy

LINC-NIRVANA (LN) is the near-infrared, Fizeau-type imaging interferometer for the large binocular telescope (LBT) on Mt. Graham, Arizona (elevation of 3267 m). The instrument is currently being built by a consortium of German and Italian institutes under the leadership of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. It will combine the radiation from both 8.4 m primary mirrors of LBT in such a way that the sensitivity of a 11.9 m telescope and the spatial resolution of a 22.8 m telescope will be obtained within a 10.5×10.5 arcsec 2 scientific field of view. Interferometric fringes of the combined beams are tracked in an oval field with diameters of 1 and 1.5 arcmin. In addition, both incoming beams are individually corrected by LN’s multiconjugate adaptive optics system to reduce atmospheric image distortion over a circular field of up to 6 arcmin in diameter. A comprehensive technical overview of the instrument is presented, comprising the detailed design of LN’s four major systems for interferometric imaging and fringe tracking, both in the near infrared range of 1 to 2.4 μm, as well as atmospheric turbulence correction at two altitudes, both in the visible range of 0.6 to 0.9 μm. The resulting performance capabilities and a short outlook of some of the major science goals will be presented. In addition, the roadmap for the related assembly, integration, and verification process are discussed. To avoid late interface-related risks, strategies for early hardware as well as software interactions with the telescope have been elaborated. The goal is to ship LN to the LBT in 2014.

Integration of the Mid-High Wavefront Sensor to the Linc-Nirvana post-focal relay

LINC-NIRVANA is an infrared camera working in Fizeau interferometric mode. The beams coming from the two primary mirrors of the LBT are corrected for the effects of the atmospheric turbulence by two Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) systems, working in a scientific field of view of 2 arcminutes. One single arm MCAO system includes two wave-front sensors, driving two deformable mirrors, one for the ground layer correction (LBT secondary mirror) and one for the correction of a mid-high layer (up to a maximum distance of 15 km). The first of the two Mid-High Wavefront Sensors (MHWS) was integrated and tested as a stand-alone unit in the laboratory at INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, where the telescope was simulated by means of a simple afocal system illuminated by a set of optical fibers. Then the module was delivered to the MPIA laboratories in Heidelberg, where is going to be integrated and aligned to the post-focal optical relay of one LINC-NIRVANA arm, including the deformable mirror. A number of tests are in progress at the moment of this writing, in order to characterize and optimize the system functionalities and performance. A report is presented about the status of this work.

Feeding the wavefront sensors of LINC-NIRVANA: the dedicated Patrol Camera

LINC-NIRVANA is the IR Fizeau interferometric imager that will be installed within a couple of years on the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona. Here we present a particular sub-system, the so-called Patrol Camera (PC), which has been now completed, along with the results of the laboratory tests. It images (in the range 600-900 nm) the same 2 arcmin FoV seen by the Medium-High Wavefront Sensor (MHWS), adequately sampled to provide the MHWS star enlargers with the positions of the FoV stars with an accuracy of 0.1 arcsec. To this aim a diffraction-limited performance is not required, while a distortion free focal plane is needed to provide a suitable astrometric output. Two identical systems have been realized, one for each single arm, which corresponds to each single telescope. We give here the details concerning the optical and mechanical layout, as well as the CCD and the control system. The interfaces (mainly software procedures) with LINC-NIRVANA (L-N) are also presented.

Integration, testing, and laboratory characterization of the mid-high layer wavefront sensor for LINC-NIRVANA

The Mid-High Wavefront Sensors (MHWS) are components of the adaptive optics system of LINC-NIRVANA, the Fizeau interferometer that will be mounted at the LBT. These sensors, one for each telescope arm, will measure the atmospheric turbulence in the high altitude layers, using up to 8 reference stars in a 2 arcmin Field of View, and they will be coupled with two Ground Layer WFSs that will measure the lower part of the atmospheric turbulence using up to 12 stars over an annular Field of View from 2 to 6 arcmin in diameter. We will describe the opto-mechanical layout of the MHWS and the Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) phase of the first sensor in the laboratory of the Bologna Observatory.

Latest developments on the loop control system of AdOpt@TNG

The Adaptive Optics System of the Galileo Telescope (AdOpt@TNG) is the only adaptive optics system mounted on a telescope which uses a pyramid wavefront snesor and it has already shown on sky its potentiality. Recently AdOpt@TNG has undergone deep changes at the level of its higher orders control system. The CCD and the Real Time Computer (RTC) have been substituted as a whole. Instead of the VME based RTC, due to its frequent breakdowns, a dual pentium processor PC with Real-Time-Linux has been chosen. The WFS CCD, that feeds the images to the RTC, was changed to an off-the-shelf camera system from SciMeasure with an EEV39 80x80 pixels as detector. While the APD based Tip/Tilt loop has shown the quality on the sky at the TNG site and the ability of TNG to take advantage of this quality, up to the diffraction limit, the High-Order system has been fully re-developed and the performance of the closed loop is under evaluation to offer the system with the best performance to the astronomical community.

The LINC-NIRVANA high layer wavefront sensor laboratory experiment: Progress report

LINC-NIRVANA is a near infrared interferometric imager with a pair of layer-oriented multi-conjugate adaptive optics systems (ground layer and high layer) for the Large Binocular Telescope. To prepare for the commissioning of LINC-NIRVANA, we have integrated the high layer wavefront sensor and its associated deformable mirror (a Xinetics-349) in a laboratory, located at Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, in Heidelberg, Germany. Together with a telescope simulator, which includes a rotating field and phase screens that introduce the effects of the atmosphere, we tested the acquisition of multiple guide stars, calibrating the system with the push-pull method, and characterizing the wavefront sensor together with the deformable mirror. We have closed the AO loop with up to 200 Zernike modes and with multiple guide stars. The AO correction demonstrated that uniform correction can be achieved in a large field of view. We report the current status and results of the experiment.

LINC-NIRVANA for the LBT: setting up the world's largest NIR binoculars for astronomy

LINC-NIRVANA (LN) is the near-infrared, Fizeau-type imaging interferometer for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) on Mt. Graham, Arizona, USA (3267m of elevation). The instrument is currently being built by a consortium of German and Italian institutes under the leadership of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) in Heidelberg, Germany. It will combine the radiation from both 8.4m primary mirrors of LBT in such a way that the sensitivity of a 11.9m telescope and the spatial resolution of a 22.8m telescope will be obtained within a 10.5arcsec x 10.5arcsec scientific field of view. Interferometric fringes of the combined beams are tracked in an oval field with diameters of 1 and 1.5arcmin. In addition, both incoming beams are individually corrected by LN’s multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) system to reduce atmospheric image distortion over a circular field of up to 6arcmin in diameter. This paper gives a comprehensive technical overview of the instrument comprising the detailed design of LN’s four major systems for interferometric imaging and fringe tracking, both in the NIR range of 1 - 2.4μm, as well as atmospheric turbulence correction at two altitudes, both in the visible range of 0.6 - 0.9μm. The resulting performance capabilities and a short outlook of some of the major science goals will be presented. In addition, the roadmap for the related assembly, integration and verification (AIV) process will be discussed. To avoid late interface-related risks, strategies for early hardware as well as software interactions with the telescope have been elaborated. The goal is to ship LN to the LBT in 2014.

A compact light-weighted and multi-purpose calibration unit for LINC-NIRVANA

Laboratory and on-sky experience suggests that the integration of big astronomical instruments, specially of a complex interferometric system, is a challenging process. LINC-NIRVANA is the Fizeau interferometric imager for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Simulating the final operating environment of every system component has shown how critical is the presence of flexures, vibrations and thermal expansion. Assembling and aligning the opto-mechanical sub-systems will require an absolute reference which is not affected by static displacements or positioning errors. A multi-purpose calibration unit has been designed to ensure the quality of the alignment of optics and detectors and the reliability of the mechanical setup. This new compact and light-weighted unit is characterized by sophisticated kinematics, simple mechanical design and composite materials. In addition, the reduced number of motorized axis improves the stiffness and lowers the angular displacements due to moving parts. The modular concept integrates several light sources to provide the proper calibration reference for the different sub-systems of LINC-NIRVANA. For the standard alignment of the optics an absolute reference fiber will be used. For flatfielding of the detectors the unit provides an integrating sphere, and a special rotating multi-fiber plate (infrared and visible) is used to calibrate the advanced adaptive optics and the fringe-tracking systems. A module to control non-common path aberrations (Flattening of Deformable Mirrors) is also provided.