G. Flachowsky

Einfluß von Flavomycin auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit der Rohnährstoffe bei Hammeln, Kennzahlen der Pansenfermentation bei Rindern sowie Futteraufnahme und Lebendmassezunahme weiblicher Jungrinder

Three experiments with five wether each were carried out in order to investigate the influence of various levels of flavomycin (0, 5 and 10 mg per animal and day) on apparent digestibility of artificially dried grass. A short time individual feeding experiment (42 days) with 9 bulls and a long term individual feeding experiment (225 days) with 52 heifers were conducted. Animals consumed 0 or 30 mg flavomycin per day. Parameters of rumen fermentation were investigated. Feed intake and weight gain were measured in the experiment with heifers. Flavomycin did not significantly influence the apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude nutrients as well as parameters of rumen fermentation. Flavomycin did not influence dry matter intake, but increased significantly weight gain (49 g per animal and day, 10.5%) and reduced feed and energy required per kg weight gain (10.6%) in heifers. The reasons of ergotropic effects of flavomycin are mostly unknown at present.

Untersuchungen zum Einsatz des Pansenfermoregulators „Monensin“ in der Mastbullenfütterung

In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.

[Ruminal 15N-straw degradation in sacco and the in vivo digestibility of 15N from straw in the sheep and pony].

The nylon-bag method was applied for determination of the rumen degradation of dry matter and nitrogen of 15N-labelled wheat straw. For the experiment 4 wethers fitted with a rumen cannula were used. The bags containing 15N straw were introduced into the rumen and withdrawn 3, 6 or 12 h after incubation. In a second experiment the apparent 15N-digestibility of the same straw was determined in wether and pony. The dry matter disappearance varied between 6 and 23%. For 15N-labelled straw the disappearance of 15N was higher than that of total N. 12 h after incubation 71% of 15N and only 25% of total N were disappeared. It was calculated that after incubation rumen microbial-N in the nylon bag increased from 31% (3 h) to 45% (6 h) and 61% (12 h) resp. The apparent 15N digestibility amounted 53 +/- 2% for wethers and 51 +/- 2% for ponies.

Überhöhte orale Eisengaben an Schafe

4 digestibility trials (4 male sheep per group) and 2 growth trials were carried out with 24 (V 1) and 32 (V 2) fattening lambs to investigate the effect of abundant oral Fe doses on the digestibility of crude nutrients in a ration of barley + dried green feed and on the results of fattening and carcass yields. Fe supplementation (less than 1400 mg per sheep/day) did not significantly change the digestibility coefficients of crude nutrients. Increasing Fe levels in the concentrates decreased the rates of liveweight increase and food consumption in both growth trials. Well-established statistical evidence was provided for the decline in absolute carcass yields resulting from the lower weight of the lambs at the end of the fattening period after Fe supplementation.

Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Feststoffen der Schweinegülle in der Mastrinderernährung

Mixtures of pelleted fool containing 30% or 50% of solid material from pig semi-liquid manure were fed to fattening bulls in a 252-day feeding trial. The controls (comprising 9 animals each) received pelleted straw concentrates. The digestibility of the pellets used in these trials was tested on sheep. The animals accepted these pellets readily after a period of adjustment (consumption of dry matter per animal per day: 7.58 kg and 8.20 kg). The daily weight gains of the experimental animals were 1176.0 g and 1003.5 g. The energy required per kg of weight increase was found to be 3.72 kEFr and 4.02 kEFr. The solid materials obtained from pig semiliquid manure were found to have a lower feeding value than the pig faeces, the feeding value of the solid materials corresponding to that of meadow hay of medium quality. The solids may be used to advantage for fattening cattle when fed in combination with straw, cereals and sugar beet products.

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Avoparcin auf scheinbare Verdaulichkeit, Kennzahlen der Pansenfermentation sowie Mast- und Schlachtleistung wachsender Hinder

Four digestion experiments with 5 wethers each (0, 15, 30 or 60 mg avoparcin per animal and day), three individual feeding experiments (28, 18 or 56 bulls per experiment; 0 and 150/200; 0, 250 and 500 or 0 and 200 mg avoparcin per animal and day in the experiments 1, 2 or 3) and two group feeding experiments (60 bulls and 161 heifers per experiment; salt lick stones without or with 2.5 g avoparcin per kg) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of avoparcin on apparent digestibility, figures of rumen fermentation, fattening and slaughtering results as well as protein, fat and energy retention. Avoparcin supplementation did not significantly influence the apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude nutrients. Concentration of acetate of rumen liquid was decreased (16 or 36) and that of propionate was increased (25 or 50 mmoles per mol) when 200 or 500 mg avoparcin per animal and day were added. Acetate:propionate ratio decreased from 4.2 to 3.5 and 3.1:1. Avoparcin did not influence feed intake, enhanced daily weight gain (37 to 174 g per animal and day) and improved feed efficiency (5 to 26%). Salt lick stones with avoparcin increased weight gain (58 and 96 g per animal and day). Slaughtering results and body composition of bulls were not influenced by avoparcin. Daily retention of protein, fat and energy was significantly increased (16 to 18%; P less than 0.05) when avoparcin was supplemented.

Einfluß von Lasalocid auf scheinbare Verdaulichkeit, Kennzahlen der Pansenfermentation sowie Mastund Schlachtleistung von Bullen

Four digestion experiments with 5 wethers each (Feeding: artificially dried grass; 0, 15, 30 or 60 mg lasalocid per animal and day), two short time experiments (Exp. 1: 3 rumen fistulated sheep; feeding; artificially dried grass; 0, 15, 30 or 60 mg lasalocid per animal and day; exp. 2: 20 bulls; feeding; 2 kg concentrates per animal and day; wheat straw ad libitum; 0, 150 or 300 mg lasalocid per animal and day) and one individual feeding experiment (24 bulls per group; duration: 279 days, feeding: 2 kg concentrates per animal and day, corn silage and whole barley-grass silage ad libitum; 0 or 100/200 mg lasalocid per animal and day) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of the ionophore lasalocid on digestibility, figures of rumen fermentation as well as fattening and slaughtering results of bulls. Higher doses of lasalocid (30 and 60 mg per animal and day) decreased significantly digestibility of organic matter (1.8 and 2.8 units) and crude fibre (5.8 and 7.2 units). Relative acetate (22 to 120 mmoles per mol) and butyrate concentration (23 to 58 mmoles per mol) were decreased and molar propionate concentration of rumen liquid (25 to 154 mmoles per mol) was increased depending on level of lasalocid supplementation. Lasalocid did not significantly influence the dry matter intake; daily weight gain and slaughtering results were increased (4.4 and 6.1%), energy efficiency was improved (3.8%). Effects of lasalocid are similar to that of monensin. A dose of 20 to 30 mg lasalocid per kg dry matter is recommended.

Einfluß unterschiedlicher Ca- und P-Versorgung auf Stoffwechselparameter von Hammeln und Bullen sowie auf die Mastleistung von Bullen bei Vitamin-D-Mangel

The influence of different Ca- and/or P-supply on metabolic parameters and Ca-resp. P-balance was tested in 12 balance trials with mature wethers at different feeding regimes. Furthermore the influence of dietary Ca-excess on metabolic parameters and fattening performance of bulls was also tested. Increasing the P-intake at normal Ca-supply (Ca/P-ratio 1:1.7 ... 3.6) or at Ca-excess (Ca/P-ratio approximately 1.6:1) led to a higher P-concentration in blood and urine and lowered the Ca-content in serum as well as the apparent Ca-balance. These effects were greater in the ration rich in concentrate than in the ration rich in roughage. Increasing the dietary Ca-intake (Ca/P-ratio approximately 3.6:1) had no influence on metabolic parameters of wethers. In a vitamin-D-deficiency trial the Ca supplementation (Ca/P-ratio approximately 4.2:1) improved the performance of bulls and retarded the incidence of signs of rickets (lower feed intake, higher concentration of alkaline phosphatase in serum, lower bone mineralisation) for about 100 days compared with the control group (Ca/P ratio: 1.2:1).

Digestibility and Beef Performance after Feeding NaOH- or KOH-Treated Pig Wastes

Flachowsky, G., Wolfram, D., Wolf, I. and Hennig, A., 1987. Digestibility and beef performance after feeding NaOH- or KOH-treated pig wastes. Anita. Feed Sci. Technol., 17: 235-244. Pig slurry solids were treated with NaOH or KOH. The effect of both alkalis has been evaluated by measuring in vitro and in vivo digestibility, solid intake of bulls and two long-term feeding experiments (273 and 263 days) with dairy beef cattle. The addition of 1 To NaOH or KOH increased the in vitro digestibility of organic matter by 1.4 or 0.9 percentage units and 1 mole equivalent caused an increase of digestibility by 4.9 or 5.0 units, respectively. The in vivo digestibility was increased by 3.4 or 2.6 percentage units per 1% NaOH or KOH and by 14 and 15 percentage units per mole equivalent. Bulls consumed significantly (P < 0.05 ) more NaOH- or KOH-treated by-products, compared with untreated material, if they could choose freely between the solids. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05 ) between NaOH- or KOH-treated pig wastes with regard to dry matter intake and daily weight gain of bulls. More than 70% total dry matter intake consisted of pig wastes. Animal performance was not improved by using a mixture of NaOH and KOH, compared with NaOH or KOH separately. The effect of KOH is basically equal to that of NaOH in treatment of the by-products on an equimolar basis. About 40% more KOH, by weight, would be required to give equal results in digestibility and animal performance.

Untersuchungen an Hammeln zum Futterwert von Broiler- und Junghennenexkrementen

5 digestibility trials were carried out, each with 4 male sheep, to investigate the excreta of young hens and broilers produced as litter in hen batteries for rearing and fattening stock. Data on the digestibility of organic matter and energy of broiler excreta were 76.0% and 76.4%; i.e. these values were only slightly lower than those for the basal ration (barley + dried green lucerne: 76.6% and 76.8%). Digestibility coefficients for organic matter and energy content in the excreta of young hens were 69.4% and 70.4%, respectively. The protein digestibility of excreta of broilers and young hens was 82.3% and 84.3%; that is to say, the investigated dropping contained 330 g and 260 g of digestible crude protein per kg of dry matter. Due to the high ash content of the samples the energy content of the analyzed excreta was only 474 EFr and 421 EFr per kg of dry matter.