Hennig A

Rapeseed Meals, Methimazole, Thiocyanate and Iodine Affect Growth and Thyroid. Investigations into Glucosinolate Tolerance in the Pig

In two factorial experiments with a total of 81 growing pigs, the effects of antithyroid compounds and rapeseed meal (RSM) diets differing in glucosino-late content were tested without or with supplementary iodine. In Experiment 1, a 4×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate the effects of antithyroid compound inclusion and supplementary iodine. Pigs received a grain–soya bean meal diet (control) or this diet with 250 mg kg-1 methimazole (MMI), 1000 mg kg-1 thiocyanate (SCN- as KSCN) or 80 g kg-1 high glucosinolate RSM (9·5 mmol glucosinolates kg-1), each diet supplemented without or with iodine; 0, 125 μg kg-1 (requirement) or 500 μg kg-1. In Experiment 2, a 5×3 factorial arrangement was used to study the effects of dietary glucosinolate content and iodine supplementation. Pigs received a grain–soya bean meal diet or four diets with 160 g kg-1 RSM differing in glucosinolate content (0·6, 2·4, 6 or 19 mmol kg-1 diet), each diet supplemented with iodine: 62·5 μg kg-1, 125 μg kg-1 (requirement) or 250 μg kg-1. Irrespective of the iodine dosage, MMI suppressed production of thyroxine and resulted in goitre, myxoedema and cretinism. SCN- induced clinical hypothyroidism when there was no supple-mental iodine. Despite high iodine supplementation, glucosinolate load (19 mmol kg-1 diet) decreased growth, feed intake, iodine store of the thyroid and serum concentration of thyroid hormone and resulted in goitre formation. In the case of diets with ⩽6 mmol glucosinolates kg-1, iodine prevented antithyroid effects. However, more iodine was required by these pigs than by control animals to a high T4 serum concentration. The lowest glucosinolate level tested (0·6 mmol kg-1 diet) yielded the same thyroid hormone status and thyroid weight as the control, however, the iodine content of thyroid gland was decreased. In conclusion, iodine administration prevents the effects of a low glucosinolate intake only, by overcoming the depressed thyroxine released of the thyroid, resulting in regression of goitre.

Copper and Iodine in Pig Diets with High Glucosinolate Rapeseed Meal. II. Influence of Iodine Supplements for Rations with Rapeseed Meal Untreated or Treated with Copper Ions on Performance and Thyroid Hormone Status of Growing Pigs

Abstract In an experiment with 42 fattening pigs, supplementation of an 8% rapeseed meal (RSM) ration with 250 mg Cu together with I and Zn was tested. The RSM contained 0.25% isothiocyanates (ITC) and 1.37% oxazolidinethiones (OT) in the dry matter (DM). In a trial with 50 fattening pigs, untreated RSM (0.38% ITC; 1.19% OT in the DM) was compared to RSM treated with Cu 2+ (ITC and OT not detectable) and soya-bean meal (SBM). The RSM diets were supplemented with 0.0625–1.0 and the SBM diet (control) with 0.125 mg I kg −1 . In addition to the supplementation of the RSM ration with I, Cu improved the performance and the thyroid hormone status. In comparison with the SBM control, RSM treatment with Cu 2+ resulted in a complete normalization of these parameters. Supplementation with Zn together with Cu and I had no additional effect. Only untreated RSM without I supplementation depressed performance and gave symptoms of I deficiency, but thyroid gland and liver weights were also increased and the serum T 4 content was significantly reduced in animals which were given the RSM not supplemented with I, but treated with Cu 2+ . A plateau of the serum T 4 content was achieved from > 0.5 mg I kg −1 of the RSM diet. In contrast, when goitrogens were inactivated by means of Cu 2+ , the serum T 4 level was increased significantly and plateaued from 0.122 mg I kg −1 diet. The present investigations show that rations with RSM should contain at least 0.5 mg I kg −1 , but 0.1 mg I kg −1 is sufficient in diets without or with a low content of goitrogenic compounds.

Copper and iodine in pig diets with high glucosinolate rapeseed meal. 3. Treatment of rapeseed meal with copper, and the effect of iodine supplementation on trace element status and some related blood (serum) parameters

In a 15-week experiment with 50 growing pigs, 5.5% soya-bean meal (SBM) was replaced by 8% rapeseed meal (RSM) (5.5% glucosinolates in the dry matter) or 8% RSM treated with Cu2+ (RSM Cu2+) (glucosinolates not detectable). The RSM diets were given without I supplementation or they were supplemented with 0.0625 to 1 mg I kg−1. The control animals received the SBM diet with 0.125 mg I kg−1 feed. After 4, 10 and 15 weeks, the red blood cell (RBC) count, the haemoglobin (Hb) content, and the haematocrit (Hc) as well as the Cu, Zn, Fe content and the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity were determined in blood and serum. The Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn content of the liver and the rib was determined in 21 animals of selected groups (SBM diet, RSM or Cu2+ treated RSM with or without 0.5 mg supplementary I kg−1 diet). The untreated RSM without additional dietary I induced I deficiency. In these hypothyroid pigs the bone and serum Zn content and the serum AP activity were significantly reduced. The Zn and Mn contents of the whole liver were lowered, but its Cu content was at least doubled (P < 0.05). Owing to the enlargement of liver by RSM antinutritive compounds it is less valid to give the trace element concentration per unit liver weight solely. A reduction of the RBC count, Hb and Hc of the blood occurred only in the case of high glucosinolate RSM feeding without I supplementation. This mild anaemia of I deficient pigs was not accompanied by a changed serum or liver Fe content. In addition to the I effect a reduced glucosinolate load by Cu2+ treatment of RSM increased the Zn content and the AP activity of the serum significantly. These criteria should be used to evaluate low glucosinolate RSM from new winter varieties.

Der Einfluß von Jod-, Kupfer- und Zinkzulagen zu Rationen mit hohem Rapsextraktionsschrotanteil auf Wachstum und Schilddrüsenfunktion des Mastschweines

In three experiments with fattening pigs the supplementation of a ration with 8% rapeseed oilmeal (RSO) with 1 mg J/kg resulted in an increased weight gain per day of 31, 94 and 87%. On the other hand, only 83, 76 and 84% of the weight gain of the soybean oilmeal control groups were achieved. The additional supply with 250 mg Cu (experiments II and III) increased the weight gain to 84 and 96% in comparison to the unsupplemented control groups. The combination of J + Cu + Zn lead to the same performance as that of J + Cu (experiment III). In the RSO groups without J-supplement changes in body proportions and parakeratosis could be observed after approximately equal to 7 weeks. After the sole supplementation of Cu these symptoms occurred approximately equal to 4 weeks later. In vitro, the supplementation of RSO with a CuSO4 solution resulted in a decrease of vinylthiooxazolidon and isothiocyanate in line with the CuSO4-concentration. 0.2 mg J/kg feed (experiment III) resulted in the same fattening performance as the supplementation of the ration with 1 mg J and outwardly visible deficiency symptoms. The results show that Cu, depending on its quota, results in a decrease of goitrogenics in the feed and that J and Cu supplementation to rations with rapeseed oilmeal have an additive effect and that parakeratosis can be prevented by J-supplementation.

Untersuchungen zum Einsatz des Pansenfermoregulators „Monensin“ in der Mastbullenfütterung

In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.

Untersuchungen zum Vitamin-E-Bedarf der Legehenne

: In 5 experiments with 1,296 laying hybrids at the age of 22-73 weeks producing eggs for consumption a varied supplementation of between 0 and 20 mg vitamin E per kg of a semisynthetic ration was tested. The vitamin E content of the basal ration was less than 1 mg per kg feed. The quotas of selenium and unsaturated fatty acids in the feed were taken into consideration. Vitamin E and Se supplements did not influence, feed intake, laying, performance, feed efficiency/100 g egg development of body weight and mortality. The supplementation of 14% vitamin-E-free sunflower oil caused a significant decrease of the laying performance by 15%. There was no relation between the humoral immune reaction and vitamin E supply. The peroxide value of the abdominal fat and the activities of the creatine phosphokinase, the aspartate and alanine amino transferase in the blood serum were not directionally changed by the vitamin E, Se and oil supplements. There were no significant relations between the vitamin E content of the feed and that of the yolk and the yolk sac of the chicken. A vitamin E requirement of less than 1 mg and a requirement norm, including a safety margin, of 5 mg per kg feed was derived from the results for laying hens for egg production. A supplement of synthetic vitamin E to laying hen feed is thus not necessary.

Überhöhte orale Eisengaben an Schafe

4 digestibility trials (4 male sheep per group) and 2 growth trials were carried out with 24 (V 1) and 32 (V 2) fattening lambs to investigate the effect of abundant oral Fe doses on the digestibility of crude nutrients in a ration of barley + dried green feed and on the results of fattening and carcass yields. Fe supplementation (less than 1400 mg per sheep/day) did not significantly change the digestibility coefficients of crude nutrients. Increasing Fe levels in the concentrates decreased the rates of liveweight increase and food consumption in both growth trials. Well-established statistical evidence was provided for the decline in absolute carcass yields resulting from the lower weight of the lambs at the end of the fattening period after Fe supplementation.

Beziehungen zwischen der Vitamin-E-Versorgung und der Fruchtbarkeit der Legehennen

: In 4 experiments with a total of 1296 laying hens it was ascertained that a laying hen requires 1 mg vitamin E/kg feed for egg production if the ration contains sufficient selenium and is not rich in multiply unsaturated fatty acids. For the fertilization of the eggs little more of this vitamin is required. There were close relations, however, between the amount of vitamin E supplement to the feed and the number of hatched chickens in % of the fertilized eggs. With the help of the experiments carried out so far the exact requirement could not yet be ascertained. Based on the results of our experiments we recommend 20 mg vitamin E/kg feed for breeding hens of the laying variant. There is a close relation between the vitamin E content of the feed and that of the yolk. A supplement of 7 or 14% resp. of vitamin-free sunflower oil decreases -in dependence on the vitamin E supplement-hatching in particular without diminishing the vitamin E content of the yolk. The vitamin E content of the yolk sac, however, was drastically reduced. The influence of polyene fatty acids in hatching is smaller when sunflower oil rich in vitamin E is supplemented. Vitamin-free sunflower oil has an influence on the vitamin content of the yolk, but it diminishes drastically the vitamin content of the yolk sac and, provided that vitamin E supply is low, prevents hatching.

Untersuchungen zum einfluss der phosphor‐versorgung auf den energieumsatz wachsender schweine

Bei Borgen fuhrte im Lebendmasseabschnitt von 17–30 kg ein Phosphorgehalt im Futter von 3 g/kg TS im Vergleich zu einer Versorgung mit 6 g/kg TS im Futter zu Minderzunahmen von 8 %. Die Minderzunahme korrespondierte nicht mit Veranderungen im N‐ und Energieansatz. Die niedrigere P‐Versorgung hatte fast keine Auswirkungen auf die Energieausscheidung in Kot und Harn (1 % der Bruttoenergie). Eine submarginale P‐Versorgung beeintrachtigt den N‐ und Energieumsatz wachsender Schweine nicht.

Insulin-like growth factor-I—Ein Bindeglied zwischen Ernährung und Wachstum

The influence of an increasing protein supply in combination with soybean oil upon the IGF-I concentration in the serum in correlation with growth was measured on 8 x 10 male Wistar rats. With a casein content of 0% in the food, the IGF-I level was 0.13 +/- 0.02 rU/ml. An IGF-I plateau of 0.74 +/- 0.07 rU/ml was reached at some 15% casein. The additional application of 3% soybean oil increased the IGF-I concentration significantly (P less than 0.01) up to 0.95 +/- 0.16 rU/ml. The investigations show a specific increase of the IGF-I synthesis by the addition of oil, which is paralleled by a further stimulation of the growth of the rats. The nutrition-dependent IGF production in the peripheral tissues (mainly liver) represents the connection link between the growth hormone axis (genetically potential growth) and the growth realizable depending on the supply with nutrients.ZusammenfassungAn 8×10 männlichen Wistar-Ratten wurde der Einfluß einer steigenden Proteinversorgung in Kombination mit Sojaöl auf die IGF-I-Konzentration im Serum in Korrelation zum Wachstum gemessen. Bei einem Caseingehalt von 0 % im Futter betrug der IGF-I-Spiegel 0,13±0,02 rU/ml. Ein Plateau wurde bei etwa 15 % Casein erreicht (0,74±0,07 rU/ml). Die zusätzliche Applikation von 3 % Sojaöl erhöhte die IGF-I-Konzentration signifikant (P<0,01) auf 0,95±0,16 rU/ml.Die Untersuchungen zeigen eine spezifische Steigerung der IGF-I-Synthese durch die Ölzulage, der parallel eine weitere Stimulation des Wachstums der Ratten folgt. Die ernährungsabhängige IGF-Produktion in den peripheren Geweben (bes. Leber) stellt die Schaltstelle zwischen der Wachstumshormon-Achse (genetisch mögliches Wachstum) und dem in Abhängigkeit von der Nährstoffversorgung realisierbaren Wachstum dar.SummaryThe influence of an increasing protein supply in combination with soybean oil upon the IGF-I concentration in the serum in correlation with growth was measured on 8×10 male Wistar rats. With a casein content of 0 % in the food, the IGF-I level was 0.13±0.02 rU/ml. An IGF-I plateau of 0.74±0.07 rU/ml was reached at some 15 % casein. The additional application of 3 % soybean oil increased the IGF-I concentration significantly (P<0.01) up to 0.95±0.16 rU/ml.The investigations show a specific increase of the IGF-I synthesis by the addition of oil, which is paralleled by a further stimulation of the growth of the rats. The nutrition-dependent IGF production in the peripheral tissues (mainly liver) represents the connection link between the growth hormone axis (genetically potential growth) and the growth realizable depending on the supply with nutrients.