G. J. Poile
Charles Sturt University
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Crop & Pasture Science | 1991
Mark Conyers; G. J. Poile; Brian R. Cullis
Twenty-three surface soils (0-10 cm) sampled from major New South Wales lime trials were incubated at six lime rates, from 0 to 10 t/ha, and used in pot trials with barley (Hordeurn vulgare cv. Schooner) which was grown for five weeks. Each replicate pot was soil tested for exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Al), pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, and Al in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract by pyrocatechol violet (total Al) and by reaction for 15 s in 8-hydroxyquinoline (monomeric Al). The latter was also converted to the activity of Al3 in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract. The soil tests were compared for their prediction of the dry matter yield of whole tops of barley. The four tests for aluminium (exchangeable Al as Al/ECEC; total 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; monomeric 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; and Al3+ activity in 0.01 M CaCl2) were each better indicators of the infertility of the acid soils than soil pH. The prediction of the dry matter yield of barley by the four aluminium tests was improved by the inclusion of exchangeable soil manganese in the statistical analysis. The use of 0.01 M CaCl2 is recommended as a routine extraction procedure for diagnosing Al toxicity. Soil Mn should also be measured and included in correlations with barley growth. Pyrocatechol violet is the recommended analytical procedure for Al owing to its comparative simplicity.
Crop & Pasture Science | 2001
Guangdi Li; Keith Helyar; Mark Conyers; Brian R. Cullis; Peter Cregan; R. Fisher; Lisa Castleman; G. J. Poile; C. M. Evans; B Braysher
A long-term trial, known as ‘managing acid soils through efficient rotations’ (MASTER), commenced in 1992 to develop and demonstrate a cropping system that is economically viable on the highly acid soils of the traditional permanent pasture region in south-eastern Australia, so that their fertility is sustained or improved. There were 2 permanent pasture systems and 2 pasture–crop rotations, each with and without lime. This paper reports the effect of lime on crop production over the first cycle (6 years). On annual pasture–crop rotations, lime significantly increased the dry matter production at anthesis and grain yields of wheat (cv. Dollarbird) compared with the unlimed treatments. Averaged across years from 1992 to 1997 (excluding the severe drought year 1994), wheat crops produced 1.6 t/ha more grain on the limed treatments than on the unlimed treatments (3.6 v. 2.0 t/ha). On perennial pasture–crop rotations, the lime effects varied with crops grown at each phase and year. For example, despite being tolerant of acidity, oats (cv. Yarran) responded to lime in 1996. Likewise, triticale (cv. Abacus) responded to lime in 1997. Wheat (cv. Dollarbird) that is moderately tolerant to acidity responded to lime in phase 6 from 1992 to 1997 excluding 1994 (3.5 v. 1.7 t/ha). Acid-tolerant wheat varieties, triticale, and narrow-leaf lupins are considered the most viable crops for the soil and climatic conditions encountered in this high rainfall (5000—800 mm per annum) area of south-eastern Australia.
Crop & Pasture Science | 2012
Richard Hayes; Mark Conyers; Guangdi Li; G. J. Poile; A. Price; Brett McVittie; Matthew Gardner; Graeme Sandral; Jeff I. McCormick
Abstract. Spatial and temporal variation in soil Mn2+ was observed over a 12-month period at two field sites near Gerogery and Binalong in southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Three pot experiments were then conducted to emulate the range of soil Mn2+ concentrations observed in the field and to determine the effect of different concentrations on lucerne and subterranean clover seedling growth, as well as to determine the effect of heating a soil on pH and Mn2+ concentrations. Concentrations of soil Mn2+ in the surface 0.20 m varied at a given sampling date by up to 288% (2.5–9.7 µg/mL) and 183% (8.7–24.6 µg/mL) across the Gerogery and Binalong field sites, respectively. At both sites, the concentration of soil Mn2+ in a given plot also varied by up to 175% between sampling times. There was little consistency between sites for seasonal fluctuations of soil Mn2+, although in both instances, peaks occurred during months in which newly sown lucerne plants might be emerging in southern NSW. Pot experiments revealed that high concentrations of soil Mn2+ reduced lucerne seedling survival by 35%, and on seedlings that did survive, reduced shoot growth by 19% and taproot length by 39%. Elevated concentrations of soil Mn2+ also reduced subterranean clover seedling survival by up to 55% and taproot length by 25%, although there were few effects on subterranean clover in treatments other than those imposing the highest soil Mn2+ concentrations. The third pot experiment demonstrated that elevated soil temperatures led to increased soil pH and increased soil Mn2+ concentrations, attributable to a decrease in biological oxidation of soil Mn2+. This was in contrast to the commonly anticipated response of a decline in soil Mn2+concentrations as soil pH increased.
Crop & Pasture Science | 2006
Guangdi Li; Keith Helyar; Mark Conyers; Lisa Castleman; R. Fisher; G. J. Poile; C.J. Lisle; Brian R. Cullis; Peter Cregan
‘Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations (MASTER)’ is a long-term pasture–crop rotation experiment commenced in 1992. One of the objectives was to demonstrate the extent of crop, pasture, and animal responses to lime application on a typical acidic soil in the 500–800 mm rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Two types of pastures (perennial v. annual pastures) with or without lime application were established in 1992. Fifteen- to eighteen-month-old Merino hoggets were used as test animals and were changed annually. This paper reports the results of sheep responses to liming from the 4 continuous pasture treatments over 6 years from 1992 to 1997. The stocking rate was the same on all plots within a treatment during each rotation period, but was varied between treatments based on the pasture availability and sheep body condition. The most important findings from this study are that the limed treatments carried 29% and 27% more stock (up to 4 DSE/ha) than the unlimed treatments for perennial and annual pastures, respectively. As a result, the limed perennial pastures produced 27% more liveweight gain (62 kg/ha.year) and 28% more greasy wool (13 kg/ha.year) than unlimed perennial pastures, whereas the limed annual pastures produced 34% more liveweight gain (77 kg/ha.year) and 24% more greasy wool (11 kg/ha.year) than unlimed annual pastures. The significant responses to lime in liveweight and wool production were detected from the second growing season after the pastures were established. The increased sheep productivity on the limed treatment was due to a combination of increased pasture production and improved pasture quality. Perennial pastures showed a slight advantage in wool production, but not in liveweight gain. However, the seasonal variation of liveweight was greater on annual pastures than on perennial pastures. The larger variation in liveweight change could lead to more adverse effects on wool quality especially at high grazing pressures. Grazing management can be used to manipulate pasture and animal productivity to increase profits from lime use.
Animal Production Science | 2004
Guangdi Li; Keith Helyar; Mark Conyers; Brian R. Cullis; G. J. Poile; P. G. Knight
Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)-based pastures were established with and without lime in 1992 as a part of a long-term pasture–crop rotation experiment (Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations). Pre- and post-grazing pasture dry matter, phalaris basal cover and proportion of phalaris in sward were measured since 1992. In general, phalaris persisted well and its productivity was high on the highly acidic soil studied in the current experiment, and this was improved on the limed treatment. After establishment in 1992, the average proportion of phalaris in spring 2001 was 32.1% in the limed treatment and 15.6% in the unlimed treatment. Basal cover at the end of summer 2002 was 4.5% and 2.0% for the limed and unlimed treatments, respectively. The results from the current experiment showed that subsurface acidity (low pHCa and high exchangeable aluminium percentage in the 10–30 cm soil depth) had significant impacts on phalaris persistence. It is concluded that subsurface pH was one of the major constraints for the persistence of phalaris. The long-term management of soil acidity should aim to eliminate the exchangeable aluminium from the soil profile by maintaining a high pHCa (5.5 or above) in the 0–10 cm soil depth. Rainfall during growing season had no direct effect on phalaris persistence. Nevertheless, feed scarcity in dry years due to moisture stress often exacerbated grazing pressure on phalaris, which may affect the phalaris persistence indirectly. It is the grazing management in autumn and summer that had significant effects on phalaris persistence. It is suggested that rotational grazing plus strategic rest if possible in autumn could prolong the life of phalaris-based pastures. Repeated heavy grazing should be avoided during summer, particularly after light to moderate summer rainfall events have stimulated sprouting.
Plant and Soil | 1993
S. M. Ring; R. P. Fisher; G. J. Poile; K. R. Helyar; Mark Conyers; S. G. Morris
The major phytotoxins in acid soils are aluminium and manganese. Tolerances to Al and to excessive Mn are independently inherited and Al and Mn solubilities in soils vary. In this work, the response of pasture grasses and legumes to soil acidity was studied on three soils with different Al and Mn concentrations. One provides moderate concentrations of Al with little Mn; one provides high concentrations of both Al and Mn and another provides a very high concentration of Mn at relatively low concentrations of Al. The response of a plant cultivar to changes in the soil acidity induced by lime or acid additions reflects the degree of Al and/or Mn stress provided by a particular soil, and the ability of the cultivar to tolerate those stresses. Examples are given of the way cultivars with different tolerances to Al and Mn toxicity respond to changes in acidity on the soils with different Al and Mn solubility characteristics. The utility of this screening technique to define the tolerance of cultivars to acidity on classically different soils is highlighted.
Animal Production Science | 2001
Guangdi Li; Keith Helyar; Mark Conyers; Peter Cregan; Brian R. Cullis; G. J. Poile; R. Fisher; Lisa Castleman
Potassium (K) deficiency of wheat and pasture species was found at a site in the south-western slopes of New South Wales. The soil was a subnatric yellow sodosol. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was found to be less competitive for K in the soil compared with its associated grasses. Higher soil K concentrations were required to achieve the same subterranean clover K concentration in the grass–legume mixtures than in a subterranean clover monoculture. For wheat (Triticum aestivum) production, a soil exchangeable K (Kex ) below 0.25 cmol(p)/kg appeared to be deficient for the limed treatments, but there was no obvious critical value for either limed or unlimed treatments. The critical K exvalues for the grass –legume mixtures could not be simply specified because the values were affected by competition between species growing in swards of variable botanical composition. An annual rate of 20 kg K/ha for the pasture–crop rotations (50/50%) and 29 kg K/ha for the permanent pastures was estimated to be sufficient to replenish the K losses from product removal and animal excreta transferred to campsites at this trial site.
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems | 2017
Richard Hayes; Jeffrey McCormick; Albert Oates; G. J. Poile; Mark Conyers; Matthew Gardner; Andrew J. Price; Patricia O'Keeffe; Guangdi Li
This study examined the response of forage crops to composted dairy waste (compost) applied at low rates and investigated effects on soil health. The evenness of spreading compost by commercial machinery was also assessed. An experiment was established on a commercial dairy farm with target rates of compost up to 5 t ha −1 applied to a field containing millet [ Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz] and Pasja leafy turnip ( Brassica hybrid). A pot experiment was also conducted to monitor the response of a legume forage crop (vetch; Vicia sativa L.) on three soils with equivalent rates of compost up to 20 t ha −1 with and without ‘additive blends’ comprising gypsum, lime or other soil treatments. Few significant increases in forage biomass were observed with the application of low rates of compost in either the field or pot experiment. In the field experiment, compost had little impact on crop herbage mineral composition, soil chemical attributes or soil fungal and bacterial biomass. However, small but significant increases were observed in gravimetric water content resulting in up to 22.4 mm of additional plant available water calculated in the surface 0.45 m of soil, 2 years after compost was applied in the field at 6 t ha −1 dried (7.2 t ha −1 undried), compared with the nil control. In the pot experiment, where the soil was homogenized and compost incorporated into the soil prior to sowing, there were significant differences in mineral composition in herbage and in soil. A response in biomass yield to compost was only observed on the sandier and lower fertility soil type, and yields only exceeded that of the conventional fertilizer treatment where rates equivalent to 20 t ha −1 were applied. With few yield responses observed, the justification for applying low rates of compost to forage crops and pastures seems uncertain. Our collective experience from the field and the glasshouse suggests that farmers might increase the response to compost by: (i) increasing compost application rates; (ii) applying it prior to sowing a crop; (iii) incorporating the compost into the soil; (iv) applying only to responsive soil types; (v) growing only responsive crops; and (vi) reducing weed burdens in crops following application. Commercial machinery incorporating a centrifugal twin disc mechanism was shown to deliver double the quantity of compost in the area immediately behind the spreader compared with the edges of the spreading swathe. Spatial variability in the delivery of compost could be reduced but not eliminated by increased overlapping, but this might represent a potential 20% increase in spreading costs.
Crop & Pasture Science | 1997
B. J. Scott; Mark Conyers; G. J. Poile; Brian R. Cullis
Plant and Soil | 2011
Caixian Tang; Mark Conyers; M. Nuruzzaman; G. J. Poile; De Li Liu
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