Gabriel de Araújo Santos

Organic matter Fractions in a toposequence of six soils in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The influence of topographical position on organic matter fractions was studied in tropical soil toposequence in the campus of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Six soil profiles were selected for the study, two at the shoulder position (Typic Kannapludalf, profiles 1 and 2), one on backslope (Typic Kannapludalf, profile 3), two on footslope (Fragiaquult, profiles 4 and 5) and one on the tooslope position (Mollic endoaquent, profile 6). These soils have lower content of organic carbon. The main organic fractions modified through all water flux in the toposequence were free fulvic acids and fulvic acids. Organic matter was correlated with soil properties, namely soil color, bulk soil density, total porosity, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and H+ content, and CEC. At the slope position, the major pathway of organic matter humification was the herance pathway.

Fracionamento químico da matéria orgânica e características de ácidos húmicos de solos com horizonte a antrópico da amazônia (Terra Preta)

Amazonian dark earth soils that have anthropogenic A horizon (Au) present high natural fertility usually attributed to their high organic matter content and to their higher reactivity. In this study humic substances were quantified and the humic acids (HA) extracted from the 0-20 cm layer of Amazonian dark earth soils (Terra Preta do Indio) under forest and agricultural use were characterized. Adjacent soils with no Au horizon were also investigated. The HA were characterized through the thermogravimetric analysis, elemental composition analysis and characterization of functional groups (total, carboxylic, and phenolic). The A horizon of the anthropogenic soils presented higher total carbon level compared to adjacent soils. Among the humic fractions, the humin was the most abundant. The humic acid fraction (HA) was the dominant among the alkaline soluble fractions. The humic acids of the anthropogenic soils, both under forest and cultivation, showed higher humification degree compared to the non-anthropogenic soils. The agricultural cultivation affected the humic acids stability and reactivity in the anthropogenic soils.

Alterações na biomassa e na atividade microbiana da serapilheira e do solo, em decorrência da substituição de cobertura florestal nativa por plantações de eucalipto, em diferentes sítios da Região Sudeste do Brasil

In Brazil, afforestation programs use mainly eucalyptus and it has been frequently questioned due to possible changes in the soil caused by this exotic tree species. The impact of land use changes can vary with climate conditions and soil, and results obtained in a specific area may not be extrapolated to the supra-regional level. Biomass and microbial activity have been suggested as appropriate indicators of soil disturbance caused by management techniques. In this study, these characteristics were used to evaluate changes in forest litter and soil where the native forest was replaced by eucalyptus plantations in four southeastern areas of Brazil. The amounts of forest litter were higher in eucalyptus stands than in the native forest due to the higher C:N ratio of the material. The impact of the conversion of native forest into eucalyptus stands on soil and forest floor properties varied in the site-specific characteristics analyzed. Differences between the contents of microbial biomass C and N in eucalypt and native vegetation were more frequently observed in the soil than in forest litter. Forest litter microbial biomass represented a larger reservoir of C and N than soil microbial biomass, representing a relevant component for C and N cycling in these ecosystems.

Alterações eletroquímicas em solos inundados

This paper aims to review some concepts on electrochemistry of wetland soils. The main electrochemical changes after inundation are a decrease in redox potential, an increase in pH in acid and a decrease in alkaline soils and increases in conductivity and ion exchange reactions. These modifications in the system might influence plant growth, by affecting the availability on toxicity of nutrients, regulating uptake in the rhizosfere.

Estímulo no crescimento e na hidrólise de ATP em raízes de alface tratadas com humatos de vermicomposto: II - Efeito da fonte de vermicomposto

Um dos fatores mais limitantes para a producao de vermicomposto e a disponibilidade de esterco. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da substituicao parcial do esterco por bagaco de cana e por residuos de leguminosa (Gliricidia sepium) na vermicompostagem sobre a qualidade do vermicomposto e sobre a bioatividade dos humatos, avaliadas por meio da analise do crescimento radicular e da atividade das bombas de H+ isoladas de raizes de alface. A substituicao do esterco por bagaco de cana e por residuos de leguminosas nao acarretou prejuizo as caracteristicas quimicas dos vermicompostos. No entanto, os humatos isolados dos diferentes vermicompostos apresentaram caracteristicas quimicas distintas, tais como: acidez e propriedades oticas distintas. Os humatos produzidos a partir de esterco de bovino e da mistura esterco bovino + bagaco proporcionaram maiores estimulos no crescimento radicular das plantas de alface, sendo os mais indicados para uso na forma soluvel. A inclusao de residuos de leguminosas no processo de vermicompostagem produziu humatos sem efeito sobre o desenvolvimento das raizes de alface.

Avaliação de características de ácidos húmicos de resíduos de origem urbana: I. métodos espectroscópicos (UV-Vis, IV, RMN 13C-CP/MAS) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura

Physico-chemical characteristics of humic acids obtained from urban waste (AH-CRSU) and sewage (AH-LETE) produced in the city of Rio de Janeiro, were determined through elemental analysis, total acidity, spectroscopic methods and electron scanning microscopy. The analysis of structural traits revealed some differences between the humic acids investigated. The presence of aromatic moieties was confirmed with UV-Vis spectroscopy, with more substituted systems present in the AH-LETE. IR spectroscopy showed aliphatic groups in the AH and as more complex signals due the presence of polysaccharides in AH-CRSU. Furthermore, the presence of COOH, COO-, CO2NH2, OH, was observed apart from aromatic systems. The CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis allowed to observed a higher amount of aromatic and COOH groups. showed the presence of polysaccharides, aminoacid N and OCH3 groups. The results allow to define the humic acids from urban source as of the type or like those of pedogenic origin.

Efeito de práticas de manejo sobre o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade industrial dos grãos em arroz irrigado

The purpose of the research was to study the use of liming, seeding density of two paddy rice cultivars and harvest time with rice yield and mill quality. The experiment was carried out during 1993/94 growing season in Casemiro de Abreu (RJ), Brazil. The two rice cultivars used were BR-IRGA 409 and BR-IRGA 412, two of limestone doses (0 and 200kg ha-1) and three seeding densities (100, 200 and 300kg ha-1) were distributed in a completely randomized block design. The use of liming and variation of seeding density did not affect rice quality. The moisture content of the rice grains that resulted in highest quality at harvest was between 17,5-22%.

DECOMPOSIÇÃO DAS PODAS DAS LEGUMINOSAS ARBÓREAS Gliricidia sepium E Acacia angustissima EM UM SISTEMA AGROFLORESTAL

The Agroforestry Systems (SAFs) bring multiple benefits and they are an alternative to minimize environmental degradation, and to achieve a sustainable development, due to greatest diversity of species. This study evaluated the contribution of the leguminous trees, gliricidia sepium and Acacia angustissima , grown in alley cropping of banana ( Musa sp.) and “acai” palm ( Euterpe oleraceae ) used as green manure in the implantation of an Agroforestry Systems. They were compared the production of biomass, nutrients cycling, nitrogen intake, activity and diversity of soil fauna, and banana productivity in the SAF, and with the usage of the legume Pueraria phaseoloides and nitrogen fertilization. The SAF implantation occurred in May 2004, at the Research Center of Embrapa Agrobiologia, in Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro State. The following year it was planted the forest African mahogany specie ( Kaya senegalensis ), at the centre of the legumes alleys. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with five treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of the leguminous trees arranged between the lines of bananas and the “acai” palm, and they were: acacia angustissima ( Acacia angustissima ), tropical kudzu ( Pueraria phaseoloides ), and gliricidia (G liricidia sepium ); besides application of nitrogen as urea and spontaneous vegetation. To quantify the production of biomass, and the release of N, P, Ca, Mg and K, the legumes branches were cut and the kudzu tropical and spontaneous vegetation were mowed, in the rainy and dry seasons. The determination of remaining dry matter, releasing of nutrients, decomposition rates, and half life time of plant residues were held to 50 grams of fresh material from litterbags, placed on the soil surface, sampled at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 60 and 75 days after the installation of the experiment. Acacia angustissima and kudzu tropical showed higher dry biomass, 9.5 and 10.8 Mg ha -1 , respectively. The gliricidia residues showed the highest decomposition rates, in the two year seasons.

Aumento da resolução de espectros de RMN 13C de ácidos húmicos em solução através do tratamento prévio com KCl 0,03 mol L-1

High levels of Fe and Mn present in some soils and compost organic matter decrease the resolution of 13C NMR spectra of humic substances. Addition of KCl up to a concentration of 0,03 mol L-1 to humic substances extracts followed by centrifugation is an efficient method of eliminating clays and minerals containing high levels of paramagnetic metals such as Fe and Mn thus increasing the resolution of 13C NMR spectra.

Avaliação de características dos ácidos húmicos de resíduos de origem urbana: II. métodos termodegradativos (pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa)

This research was conducted to investigate the principal structural units from humic acids obtained from urban waste compost (AH-CRSU) and sewage sludge (AH-LETE) by pyrolysis - gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The humic acids from sewage sludge presented most mono and diaryl esters with higher mass. The n-alcans in AH-LETE showed a shorter chain than AH-CRSU. Phthalate fragments were incorporated into the humic acid structures, probably due to an organic matter contamination by plastics. The aromatic compounds in the AH-LETE originated mainly from naphtalene derivatives and benzene derivatives with alquil chain substitutives higher than AH-CRSU. The nitrogenated compounds were essentially heteroaromatic and the oxigenated compounds were substituted furans originated from carbohydrate degradation. The oxiaromatic compounds were substituted phenols.