Gail L. Cramer
University of Arkansas
Network
Latest external collaboration on country level. Dive into details by clicking on the dots.
Publication
Featured researches published by Gail L. Cramer.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics | 1995
Shenggen Fan; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
A complete demand system of Chinese rural households is estimated using a two-stage LES-AIDS model and pooled provincial and time-series data from 1982 to 1990. For commodity groups (food, clothing, fuel, housing, and other commodities), demand is price-inelastic. Housing and other commodities are luxury goods, while clothing and food are necessities. Within the food group, price elasticities range from −0.005 to −0.63. Expenditure elasticities are lower for grains and higher for meat, tobacco, and alcohol. The results imply a gap between food demand and supply growth. Therefore, China will face pressure to import food.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics | 1996
X.M. Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
In this paper we evaluate economic and demographic effects on Chinas rural household demand for nine food commodities: vegetables, pork, beef and lamb, poultry, eggs, fish, sugar, fruit, and grain; and five nonfood commodity groups: clothing, fuel, stimulants, housing, and durables. A two-stage budgeting allocation procedure is used to obtain an empirically tractable amalgamative demand system for food commodities which combine an upper-level AIDS model and a lower-level GLES as a modeling framework. The results indicate that the slow growth of food consumption in China during the latter half of the 1980s is a result of income stagnation rather than consumption saturation. Growth in the demand for better food and shelter by Chinese rural households will continue to be a major concern. Copyright 1996, Oxford University Press.
Agricultural Economics | 1994
Shenggen Fan; Gail L. Cramer; Eric J. Wailes
The recent rural reforms in China have had great effects on agricultural production and productivity as well as rural household consumption. While much has been written on production and productivity effects of these reforms, very few Chinese studies have attempted to analyze the changes in rural consumption patterns. This paper uses a dynamic AIDS model to estimate various food demand parameters for Chinese rural households using rural household survey data recently released by the China State Statistical Bureau. The results show that all important food commodities including rice, wheat, coarse grains, vegetables, meat, tobacco and alcohol have positive expenditure elasticities. Rice, wheat and coarse grains are necessities, while meat, vegetables, alcohol and tobacco are luxuries. The expenditure elasticities for rice, coarse grains and tobacco are declining, but those for wheat, meat, vegetables and alcohol are increasing. As per capita income rises and population increases, the demand for these items will continue to increase. Therefore, China must continue to increase its food production by a greater rate in the future in order to avoid food shortages.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics | 1993
Gail L. Cramer; Eric J. Wailes; Shangnan Shui
A multi-product quadratic programming model is used to investigate impacts of trade liberalization on the world rice market, recognizing product differentiation and allowing substitution among various rice types and qualities. Model simulations predict a large increase in both trade volumes and prices for all rice types and a significant welfare gain for most rice exporters and importers. Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, and Brazil would be the major importers. Trade liberalization would increase total U.S. export revenue by 109%. Movement to free trade by Japan has significant effects on world rice trade and on Japanese rice production.
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics | 1995
Xiaoming Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
Per capita rice consumption in the U.S. has doubled over the past decade. The effects of social and demographic variables on the households rice consumption decisions are analyzed along with income and price variables. A double-hurdle model is used to solve simultaneously the consumer decisions whether to purchase rice and how much. The joint decision hypothesis is tested and accepted. The non-normal distribution of error terms may be responsible for possible bias in the empirical test of the joint decision hypothesis. The hyperbolic sine transformation is used to correct the problem in this study prior to testing the joint decision hypothesis.
Applied Economics | 1995
X.M. Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
This paper discusses the specification and estimation of a two-stage budgeting consumer demand for alcoholic beverages using 1987–88 USDA individual and household food-consumption survey data. The upper level first-stage budgeting decision is modelled via a gamma-tobit model. The lower level second-stage budgeting allocates alcohol expenditure via a synthetic-demand system for beer, spirits and wine. The synthetic system is constructed via a normalized linear combination of the level Rotterdam, CBS and an AIDS equivalent model. Data on individual three-day alcohol consumption from the individual food-intake survey are used for analysis, while price and household-characteristics information are obtained from the house-hold food-intake survey. The results show that some individual- and household-characteristic variables, as well as economic variables, have significant impacts on consumer demand for alcoholic beverages.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics | 1999
Gail L. Cramer; James Hansen; Eric J. Wailes
The Uruguay Round Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other trade agreements, such as NAFTA and MERCOSUR, have contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Rice, however, continues to be one of the most highly protected agricultural commodities, with current tariff rates in several developing countries ranging from 50% to 230%. Protectionist policies for rice include tariffs, tariff rate quotas, state trading, and various domestic government programs (Amponsah, Colyer, and Jolly). Before implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement, Japan and South Korea maintained an almost complete ban on rice imports. To begin opening these markets, the Uruguay Round provided special minimum market access (MA) rules with the goal of eventually shifting to tariffication. The grace period for tariffication was set at six years for Japan (1995 to 2000) and ten years for South Korea (1995 to 2004). South Korea received additional time for tariffication and a lower
American Journal of Agricultural Economics | 1997
X.M. Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
A new method for modeling determination of consumer taste and a test of the taste-change hypothesis is presented. Taste varies across households because of differences in household characteristics. The method has a Multiple Indicator and Multiple Cause model interpretation, with taste as an unobserved variable. Taste indicators are residuals of regular household demand functions, the factors unexplained by prices and household expenditures. Taste-cause variables are household characteristics and other variables. The proposed model is applied to U.S. beef demand using household data. Results show that structural taste changes, unexplained by changes in demographic composition, decreased 8% from 1977 to 1987. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.
Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy | 1994
X.M. Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
This article presents estimates of economic and demographic effects on the demand for rice and its complex carbohydrate substitutes: potatoes, bread, and pasta. Using a synthetic level version demand system which nests the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, the level version Rotterdam model, and the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) model, the results indicate: (1) inelastic demand for all four goods; (2) significant cross-price effects; and (3) all goods are Hicksian substitutes. The impacts of demographic variables, such as household size, age structure, region, ethic origin, and having nursing children are significant. Quality and consumer perception of rice as a healthy food are also important in explaining consumer demand.
Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy | 1996
Jirong Wang; X.M. Gao; Eric J. Wailes; Gail L. Cramer
Much research has been done on the control and taxation of alcoholic beverages (Ornstein; Atkinson, Gomulka, and Stem; Heien and Pompelli; Johnson et al.; Blaylock and Blisard). The unusual status and attention that alcoholic beverages have attracted is due mainly to their unique characteristics in consumer utilities and social concerns. Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been viewed not only in terms of its effect on individual utility maximization, but also in terms of its bearing on social concerns and government revenue. Although there is empirical evidence suggesting that moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of coronary heart disease (e.g. Maclure; Moore and Pearson), social concerns are based on the consequences of chronic and acute alcohol abuse. Because of these concerns, they are traditionally subject to some form of social control. One important form of control is the excise tax which contributes significantly to government revenue. The estimation of demand elasticities and the effects of household characteristic variables on alcohol demand provide important information for the formulation of public policies. However, it is with respect to current fiscal deficits and as a means to finance the Clinton administrations