Gary D. Ellis

Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model.

Over the past several years, researchers have used data from the experience sampling method to operationalize flow and non-flow experiences in peoples daily lives, including leisure, as indicated ...

Marital Satisfaction: An Examination of Its Relationship to Spouse Support and Congruence of Commitment Among Runners

Role-identity theory supports the position that marital satisfaction is influenced by shared identities to a salient recreation role and by role support provided by a spouse for a salient recreation role identity for her or his partner. In addition, some previous studies have suggested that these effects are more prominent among women, but other research indicates that the effect is stronger among men. This study examined the relationship among the congruence of spouses commitment to running, perceived role support, and gender to marital satisfaction among a population of married adult runners. Participants were 85 married runners and 75 of their spouses sampled from a list of participants in an annual marathon in a western U.S. city. Questionnaires were administered to runners and their spouses that measured commitment to running, role support, marital satisfaction, and the type of recreation participation within the marriage. A significant main effect for role support was found in the regression analys...

The measurement of perceived freedom in leisure.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the development, reliability, and validity of five scales designed to measure perceived freedom in leisure. The scales are based on attribution theory and the concepts of flow, arousal theory, and playfulness. Scales appear to have acceptable levels of both alpha and test-retest reliability. Initial indications of validity based on interscale correlations, factor structure, and correlation with other variables are also acceptable. The value of the scales for assessment and basic research on the state of mind view of leisure are discussed.

Development of a short form to assess perceived freedom in leisure.

The paper describes the development of two versions of a short form to measure “perceived freedom in leisure.” These scales are based on Ellis and Witts (1984) earlier development of five scales t...

Perceived freedom in leisure and satisfaction: Exploring the factor structure of the perceived freedom components of the leisure diagnostic battery

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure among the five component measures of perceived freedom in leisure within the Leisure Diagnostic Battery. Matrixes of correlations from three previous studies were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis procedures. The three studies included samples of adolescents, young adults, and mid‐life adults. Results provided support for the existence of a perceived freedom factor, as hypothesized, but they also pointed to the appropriateness of considering a second, correlated factor that may be interpreted as a global need approach to leisure satisfaction. On the basis of these results, a global need leisure satisfaction scale is proposed.

Detection of Human Papillomavirus Using Hybrid Capture 2 in Oral Brushings From Patients With Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Detection of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has important prognostic implications; patients exhibit improved survival compared with patients with HPV- SCC. Oral brushing and rinsing samples were obtained from patients with oropharyngeal, oral cavity, or hypopharyngeal SCC and tested for HR-HPV using Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; QIAGEN, Valencia, CA). HR-HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on biopsy tissue samples from the same patients. Oral cytologic samples from 16 SCCs were tested by HC2. Biopsy tissue samples were available for ISH in 11 cases. Five oropharyngeal SCCs were HR-HPV+ by ISH and HC2 (oral brushing). Of the oropharyngeal SCCs, 2 were positive by HC2 (oral brushing) and negative or equivocal by ISH. We found that 2 oral cavity carcinomas and 2 hypopharyngeal carcinomas were negative by HC2. One hypopharyngeal cancer was positive by ISH. All oral rinsing samples were negative by HC2. HC2 may be an effective method of determining HR-HPV status in patients with oropharyngeal SCC.

Influence of agents of leisure socialization on leisure self-efficacy of university students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between degree of influence of agents of socialization and leisure self-efficacy among a young adult sample of university students. Four hu...

Hierarchical linear modeling in park, recreation, and tourism research.

Myriad research contexts in parks, recreation, and tourism are characterized by the existence of effects “nested” within other effects, but only very rarely are these effects acknowledged and incorporated into designs. Failure to account for these effects not only prevents researchers from assessing effects of nested variables, but it also creates a violation of the assumption of independence of observations that is fundamental to most such commonly used sampling distributions as t and F. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is a statistical technique that provides a solution to this problem. HLM allows researchers to account for nested effects in studies that use unbalanced designs (unequal sample sizes per group), studies that use repeated measures, or other designs that create linear dependency among observations. In this paper, we review the nested effects problem and illustrate applications of HLM using a set of experience sampling data and a set of evaluation data in which intact groups are nested within a treatment variable.

Campus Recreation Participation, Health, and Quality of Life

This study investigated the relationship between frequency of participation in campus recreation services and six indicators of health and quality of life. The study involved a secondary analysis from a survey of a random sample of 342 students from a Western University. Health and quality of life measures included satisfaction with life, satisfaction with how time is spent, satisfaction with students’ experience at the sponsoring university, the amount of energy, the extent to which emotional health interfered with social functioning, and the extent to which physical health interfered with social functioning. Multivariate and follow-up univariate analysis of variance tests revealed a significant relationship between frequency of participation and four of the six measures of health and quality of life. Patterns of means revealed that students with greater levels of participation had higher scores on the health and quality of life measures. Effect sizes were, however, small. The researchers recommend that the study be followed up by an experimental protocol using the benefits-based programming model in order to attempt to achieve stronger effect sizes.

Parosteal osteosarcoma: Case report and review of the literature

The majority of osteosarcoma cases of the head and neck are high‐grade lesions. We present a case and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of a rare low‐grade parosteal osteosarcoma of the maxilla.