Gautam Parthasarathy

ToF-SIMS depth profiling of organic solar cell layers using an Ar cluster ion source

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) is a very powerful technique for analyzing the outermost layers of organic and biological materials. The ion fluence in static SIMS is usually kept low enough to prevent decomposition of the organic/molecular species and as a result ToF-SIMS is able to detect and image high mass molecular species, such as polymer additives. Depth profiling, in contrast, uses a high ion fluence in order to remove material between each analysis cycle. Unfortunately, the high ion fluence results in not only erosion but also decomposition of the organic species. Recently, high mass Ar cluster ion sources have become available and are enabling depth profiling through organic layers. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that they can obtain and maintain molecular information throughout an organic solar cell test layer when erosion is performed using an Ar1500+ cluster ion source for material removal. Contrary they show that they cannot maintain molecular information when low energy monoatomic ion beams are used for material removal.Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) is a very powerful technique for analyzing the outermost layers of organic and biological materials. The ion fluence in static SIMS is usually kept low enough to prevent decomposition of the organic/molecular species and as a result ToF-SIMS is able to detect and image high mass molecular species, such as polymer additives. Depth profiling, in contrast, uses a high ion fluence in order to remove material between each analysis cycle. Unfortunately, the high ion fluence results in not only erosion but also decomposition of the organic species. Recently, high mass Ar cluster ion sources have become available and are enabling depth profiling through organic layers. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that they can obtain and maintain molecular information throughout an organic solar cell test layer when erosion is performed using an Ar1500+ cluster ion source for material removal. Contrary they show that they cannot maintain molecular information wh...

High Efficiency, Illumination Quality OLEDs for Lighting

The goal of the program was to demonstrate a 45 lumen per watt white light device based upon the use of multiple emission colors through the use of solution processing. This performance level is a dramatic extension of the teams previous 15 LPW large area illumination device. The fundamental material system was based upon commercial polymer materials. The team was largely able to achieve these goals, and was able to deliver to DOE a 90 lumen illumination source that had an average performance of 34 LPW a 1000 cd/m{sup 2} with peak performances near 40LPW. The average color temperature is 3200K and the calculated CRI 85. The device operated at a brightness of approximately 1000cd/m{sup 2}. The use of multiple emission colors particularly red and blue, provided additional degrees of design flexibility in achieving white light, but also required the use of a multilayered structure to separate the different recombination zones and prevent interconversion of blue emission to red emission. The use of commercial materials had the advantage that improvements by the chemical manufacturers in charge transport efficiency, operating life and material purity could be rapidly incorporated without the expenditure of additional effort. The program was designed to take maximum advantage of the known characteristics of these material and proceeded in seven steps. (1) Identify the most promising materials, (2) assemble them into multi-layer structures to control excitation and transport within the OLED, (3) identify materials development needs that would optimize performance within multilayer structures, (4) build a prototype that demonstrates the potential entitlement of the novel multilayer OLED architecture (5) integrate all of the developments to find the single best materials set to implement the novel multilayer architecture, (6) further optimize the best materials set, (7) make a large area high illumination quality white OLED. A photo of the final deliverable is shown. In 2003, a large area, OLED based illumination source was demonstrated that could provide light with a quality, quantity, and efficiency on par with what can be achieved with traditional light sources. The demonstration source was made by tiling together 16 separate 6-inch x 6-inch blue-emitting OLEDs. The efficiency, total lumen output, and lifetime of the OLED based illumination source were the same as what would be achieved with an 80 watt incandescent bulb. The devices had an average efficacy of 15 LPW and used solution-processed OLEDs. The individual 6-inch x 6-inch devices incorporated three technology strategies developed specifically for OLED lighting -- downconversion for white light generation, scattering for outcoupling efficiency enhancement, and a scalable monolithic series architecture to enable large area devices. The downconversion approach consists of optically coupling a blue-emitting OLED to a set of luminescent layers. The layers are chosen to absorb the blue OLED emission and then luminescence with high efficiency at longer wavelengths. The composition and number of layers are chosen so that the unabsorbed blue emission and the longer wavelength re-emission combine to make white light. A downconversion approach has the advantage of allowing a wide variety of colors to be made from a limited set of blue emitters. In addition, one does not have to carefully tune the emission wavelength of the individual electro-luminescent species within the OLED device in order to achieve white light. The downconversion architecture used to develop the 15LPW large area light source consisted of a polymer-based blue-emitting OLED and three downconversion layers. Two of the layers utilized perylene based dyes from BASF AG of Germany with high quantum efficiency (>98%) and one of the layers consisted of inorganic phosphor particles (Y(Gd)AG:Ce) with a quantum efficiency of {approx}85%. By independently varying the optical density of the downconversion layers, the overall emission spectrum could be adjusted to maximize performance for lighting (e.g. blackbody temperature, color rendering and luminous efficacy) while keeping the properties of the underlying blue OLED constant. The success of the downconversion approach is ultimately based upon the ability to produce efficient emission in the blue. Table 1 presents a comparison of the current performance of the conjugated polymer, dye-doped polymer, and dendrimer approaches to making a solution-processed blue OLED as 2006. Also given is the published state of the art performance of a vapor-deposited blue OLED. One can see that all the approaches to a blue OLED give approximately the same external quantum efficiency at 500 cd/m{sup 2}. However, due to its low operating voltage, the fluorescent conjugated polymer approach yields a superior power efficiency at the same brightness.