George I. Glover

Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14

Urotensin-II (U-II) is a vasoactive ‘somatostatin-like’ cyclic peptide which was originally isolated from fish spinal cords, and which has recently been cloned from man. Here we describe the identification of an orphan human G-protein-coupled receptor homologous to rat GPR14 (refs 4, 5) and expressed predominantly in cardiovascular tissue, which functions as a U-II receptor. Goby and human U-II bind to recombinant human GPR14 with high affinity, and the binding is functionally coupled to calcium mobilization. Human U-II is found within both vascular and cardiac tissue (including coronary atheroma) and effectively constricts isolated arteries from non-human primates. The potency of vasoconstriction of U-II is an order of magnitude greater than that of endothelin-1, making human U-II the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified so far. In vivo, human U-II markedly increases total peripheral resistance in anaesthetized non-human primates, a response associated with profound cardiac contractile dysfunction. Furthermore, as U-II immunoreactivity is also found within central nervous system and endocrine tissues, it may have additional activities.

Inhibition of intracellular protein degradation by pepstatin, poly(l-lysine), and pepstatinyl-poly(l-lysine)

Abstract Coupling the cathepsin D inhibitor pepstatin to poly( l -Lys) ( M r 13,000) is shown to enhance its inhibition of protein breakdown in whole cell systems. Rates of intracellular protein breakdown for prelabeled proteins of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were measured in the presence and absence of amino acids and insulin to generate basal and enhanced rates of protein breakdown. Pepstatin and poly( l -Lys) inhibited rates of degradation 5–7% and 16–23%, respectively, under each condition. Pepstatinyl-poly( l -Lys), containing 9 mol pepstatin/mol polymer, inhibited enhanced rates of degradation a further 24–33% compared to poly( l -Lys), but this extra increment was not seen under basal conditions. Although the mechanism of inhibition of intracellular protein breakdown by poly( l -Lys) presently is unknown, the data obtained with free and conjugated pepstatin indicate the lysosomal system degrades proteins under both basal and enhanced conditions.

Kinetics of inhibition of Aeromonas aminopeptidase by leucine methyl ketone derivatives

Abstract A number of methyl ketones have been prepared from l -leucine and found to be competitive inhibitors of Aeromonas aminopeptidase. These inhibitors were leucine methyl ketone (K i 18 μ m ), leucine chloromethyl ketone (K i 0.67 μ m ), and leucine bromomethyl ketone (K i 0.20 μ m ), and the corresponding succinimido derivative (K i 170 μ m ), succinamic acid derivative (K i 6.9 μ m ) and phthalimido derivative (K i 140 μ m ). Reversible inhibition was observed for all of the inhibitors tested, indicating that the active site of this enzyme is not alkylated or acylated by the nucleophile-sensitive components of some of the inhibitors. The chloromethyl ketones derived from l -leucine and l -phenylalanine were found to have the same relative binding constants as the substrates, l -leucinamide and l -phenylalaninamide.

The essentiality of sulfhydryl groups to transport in Neurospora crassa

Abstract Three active transport systems for amino acids and another for glucose in germinated conidia of Neurospora were all inactivated during incubation with the sulfhydryl reagents N -ethylmaleimide, p -chloromercuribenzoate, and iodoacetamide. Where tested, the inactivation by p -chloromercuribenzoate was reversed by the action of dithiothreitol. However, two other sulfhydryl reagents, the chloromethyl ketone derivatives of leucine and lysine, were found to have differential effects on the various transport systems. Inactivation by these two compounds did not occur at the active site of the permeases by affinity labeling, suggesting differential availability of sulfhydryl groups among the transport systems. Also, inactivation by these reagents was greatly enhanced in the presence of p -chloromercuribenzoate.

Purification of prephenate dehydratase from Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Prephenate dehydratase has been purified 10,000-fold from the crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The procedure takes advantage of the dissociation of the enzyme to a 55,000-dalton form in the presence of the negative effector, phenylalanine, and its association to a 210,000-dalton form in the presence of the positive effector, methionine. These two forms of the enzyme were separated from the bulk of the other proteins present in the crude extracts by gel filtration alternately in the presence of the two effectors. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic analysis showed the enzyme is composed of apparently identical 28,000-dalton polypeptides.

The photofragmentation and photoaffinity labeling of phenacyl and naphthacyl α-chymotrypsins

Abstract The photochemistry of phenacyl, 1-, and 2-naphthacyl α-chymotrypsins has been studied using light of wavelengths greater than 310 nm. Irradiation of these modified enzymes, having aracyl chromophores covalently bound at Met-192, led to partial regeneration of their esterase activity. The initial rates of photoreactivation have been found to be dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration and on the presence of potential competitive inhibitors having triplet energies lower than the chromophores initially receiving the light energy. Irradiation of carbonyl-14C-labeled phenacyl α-chymotrypsin resulted in partial loss of this radiolabel from the protein at a rate concurrent with the increase in esterase activity. These results have been interpreted and discussed in terms of a dual photochemical behavior of these modified enzymes involving (1) cleavage of the Met-192 sulfur-phenacyl α-carbon bond leading to liberation of α-chymotrypsin and substituted phenone(s) and (2) photoafiinity labeling of one or more of the functional groups in the enzyme active-site region.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF MODIFIED PROTEINS BENZOPHENONE‐CONTAINING BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN

Abstract— The results of exploratory and mechanistic studies of the photochemistry of poly‐p‐benzoyl‐acetimido‐bovine serum albumin, a modified protein containing photoreactive and photosensitizing groups, are reported. Specifically described are our recent findings concerning (1) the synthesis and characterization of a modified bovine serum albumin that contains benzophenone‐like moieties, (2) the photochemistry of this modified protein which appears to involve photoreductive coupling of the benzophenone chromophores to the protein backbone, and (3) triplet energy transfer from modified bovine serum albumin to small molecule acceptors resulting in quenching of the photoreaction.

The purification of aeromonas aminopeptidase by affinity chromatography

Abstract A competitive inhibitor for Aeromonas aminopeptidase has been prepared from the bromomethyl ketone derived from t -butyloxycarbonyl- l -leucine and successfully coupled to aminomethyl cellulose to form an adsorbent for affinity chromatography. The blocked form of the inhibitor was coupled to aminomethyl cellulose and then deblocked in aqueous trifluoroacetic acid to yield an insolubilized analog of an NH 2 -terminal l -leucyl residue. This material was effective in binding the aminopeptidase and separating it from a contaminating endopeptidase, which has a similar isoelectric point and size. Separation of the aminopeptidase and endopeptidase was shown to be due to the specificity of the affinity adsorbent for the aminopeptidase, inasmuch as separation of the enzymes did not occur on a typical anion exchange column or on a hydrophobic column lacking a free amino group.

Kinetics of affinity labeling the l-tyrosine/l-phenylalanine transport system in Bacillus subtilis☆

Abstract Kinetic analyses of the irreversible inhibition of l -tyrosine and l -phenylalanine transport in Bacillus subtilis by phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone revealed that the inhibition was due to an affinity labeling process. Phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone is a competetive inhibitor of l -tyrosine and l -phenylalanine transport. The K i values for irreversible inhibition of l -tyrosine and l -phenylalanine transport were 194 and 177 μ m , respectively, and the first order rate constants for the alkylation reaction leading to inactivation of transport of l -tyrosine and l -phenylalanine were 0.016 and 0.012 min −1 , respectively. The similarity of these constants are consistent with the involvement of the same functional site for l -phenylalanine and l -tyrosine transport. A second effect of phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone was inhibition of the uptake of neutral, aliphatic amino acids; transport of basic and acidic amino acids was unaffected by it. Since high concentrations of any amino acid did not reduce the inhibitory effects of phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone on transport of neutral, aliphatic amino acids, an independent effect, not due to an affinity labeling process was inferred. A procedure for selective labeling of the l -tyrosine/ l -phenylalanine transport system was demonstrated that should be applicable to the introduction of a radioactive label into the transport protein(s).

Separations of Diastereomeric Organic Acids on Sephadex G-10

Abstract The applicability of adsorption chromatography on Sephadex G-10 to the preparative purification of the salts of several mixtures of diastereomeric carboxylic acids as well as the reaction mixture from the photolysis of sorbic acid was investigated. All mixtures were separated, apparently on the basis of relative hydrophobicities of the components, demonstrating the versatility of the method for purifying water-soluble organic compounds.