Timothy J. Wilkinson

An Evaluation of State Sponsored Promotion Programs

Abstract In this analysis, we test hypotheses concerning the effectiveness of government export promotion programs on firm export success by examining the relationships between program offerings and state exports. We find that: (1) trade shows are positively related to direct exports, (2) trade missions are negatively associated with high-tech growth exports, (3) foreign offices are not associated with exports, and (4) objective market information programs, such as computer-generated trade leads, are negatively associated with direct exports. Implications for business are offered as are directions for future research efforts.

Entrepreneurial Climate and U.S. State Foreign Trade Offices as Predictors of Export Success

American state governments sponsor numerous foreign trade offices (FTOs) throughout the world. Although these offices constitute one of the most expensive export promotion activities, almost no research examining their effectiveness has been undertaken. Based on data from 114 state‐sponsored FTOs, we hypothesize and find a positive relationship between expenditures for trade offices and exports. In addition, findings suggest that state export levels are conditioned by an interaction between FTO expenditures and variations in state entrepreneurial climate. Implications of these findings for managers and policy‐makers are explored.

The Relationship Between Export Promotion Spending and State Exports in the U.S.

Abstract The impact of export promotion spending on export activity is a relationship frequently alluded to but which has yet to be empirically explored. It is generally accepted in practitioner circles that exporting is viewed as an important way of achieving the economic goals of businesses and governments. At the same time, firms often face barriers or inhibitors, some of which can be attributed to the policies of these same government entities that impede the process of exporting. This study empirically considers the relationship between export promotion spending and export activity. The results support the notion that U.S. state government spending on export promotion results in increased exports. The implications of the findings for both export managers and public policy makers are described.

The Effect of State Appropriations on Export-Related Employment in Manufacturing

State governments use economic development programs to strengthen the economic bases of their states, increase tax revenues, and preserve and increase job opportunities. Export promotion organizations are a key element of these programs. This article attempts to partially address the lack of evaluative literature regarding the effectiveness of export promotion programs by providing an analysis of the relationship between state appropriations and export-related employment in manufacturing. The findings support the suggestion that state appropriations for export promotion result in higher employment for firms that are directly involved in exporting their products overseas. No evidence is found of a relationship between appropriations and employment in firms that produce the components of export products.

Export promotion and FDI attraction in Japan: the impact of US state based industrial policy

This paper examines US state government offices in Japan in the context of American subnational industrial policy. Structural and behavioural differences of the 35 offices are compared to levels of exports and foreign direct investment from Japan. Findings indicate that both the level of support given to these offices as well as the presence of sister city programmes are related to higher levels of exports and FDI. The evidence from this study suggests that the effectiveness of Japans offices can be enhanced through greater support.

The Effectiveness of Investment and Trade Promotion in American Cities

SUMMARY In order to take advantage of the emerging global economy and reap potential gains in local employment levels and tax revenues, city leaders must decide whether to put scarce resources in export development, foreign direct investment attraction, or both. In this study we examine the effectiveness of policies used by cities in their efforts to promote exports. We find: (1) cities prefer to pursue FDI attraction activities, and (2) there is a negative relationship between the level of city sponsored international activities and city levels of exports.

The Transfer of Manufacturing Processes and Standards in U.S. Plants Operating in the U.K

This paper finds that U.S. firms tend to utilize their manufacturing processes when operating in the U.K. but that they adopt the production standards of the host country. Three process technology variables are examined: MRP I (materials requirements planning), JIT (just in time), and TQM (total quality management). While significant differences are found between indigenous plants in each of the two countries, the adoption of these manufacturing technologies is similar for American firms operating in either country. In contrast, U.S. transplants are found to be enthusiastic adopters of ISO 9000, suggesting that host country effects are large when it comes to conforming to regional standards.