George W. England

Personal Value Systems of American Managers

The personal value systems of 1072 American managers are studied for their contribution to the understanding of managers and their behavior. A theoretical model for analyzing the impact of values o...

A Theory of Work Adjustment

Theory of work adjustment has been proposed, which might contribute to the development of a “science of the psychology of occupational behavior.” It builds on the basic psychological concepts of stimulus, response, and reinforcement, and provides a research paradigm for the generation of testable hypotheses. The proper subject matter for vocational psychology, as well as general psychology, is the individual as a responding organism. The individual as a responding organism is assumed to have a set of response potentials, the upper limits of which, with respect to range and quality, are determined by heredity. The individual would respond when his response potentials make responding possible, and when the environment permits and/or stimulates responding. As the individual responds, his responding becomes associated with reinforcers in his environment. Reinforcers are environmental conditions that maintain responding, that is, which are associated with the continuance of responding. Specific reinforcers in the environment become associated with specific responses of the individual.

Managerial Values as a Reflection of Culture and the Process of Industrialization

This study examines the relative roles of culture and industrialization as explanations for the similarities in the value systems of managers in five countries. Results indicate that both explanati...

Organizational Goals and Expected Behavior of American Managers

This study complements the Journal March issue article by the author on “Personal Value Systems of American Managers.” In the current analysis the author compares four levels of organizational goal...

Organizational Goals and Expected Behavior among American, Japanese and Korean Managers—A Comparative Study

Empirical evidence is presented about organizational goals as viewed by samples of over 1,600 American, Japanese, and Korean managers. Comparative analyses of organizational goal perceptions and ex...

Organization size as an influence on perceived organizational goals: A comparative study among American, Japanese, and Korean managers

Abstract This study examined the influence of organizational size on perceived organizational goals in management jobs. Data from over 1400 American, Japanese, and Korean managers are presented. A comparative analysis of the three country data shows that there is a general trend of increasing behavioral relevance scores of organizational goals from small to large companies.

Managers' Theories of Management

The article discusses the identification of managers patterns of management theory. The game “Whats Your Theory?” is also discussed. The game developed through a series of studies involving manag...

VARIABILITY IN MANAGERIAL VALUES AS A RESULT OF COUNTRY AND VALUE ORIENTATION DIFFERENCES.

Modern organization theory has limitations for multinational companies due to its failure to include culture as an environmental variable as well as task environmental. In addition individual differences of managers that influence decisions are often ignored. The present study focuses on this void by comparing variability due to country and the value orientations of managers on a common set of value dimensions. The results are explained in terms of social system and internal labor differences in the countries and value differences of managers.