Geovane Boschmann Reimche

Effects of the commercial formulation containing fipronil on the non-target organism Cyprinus carpio: implications for rice-fish cultivation.

The aim of this research was to evaluate possible toxic effects of commercial formulation containing fipronil on Cyprinus carpio tissues under rice field conditions. Antioxidant profile (SOD, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), oxidative stress parameters (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, protein carbonyl), and growth were investigated in carp exposed to fipronil under rice field conditions for 7, 30, and 90 days. Waterborne insecticide concentrations were measured and the detectable concentration of fipronil was observed up to 45 day after application. Common carp survival and growth was not affected by fipronil. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced while liver catalase activity was inhibited at 7, 30, and 90 days. Alterations were not observed in the glutathione S-transferase activity in any experimental periods. Protein carbonyl increased only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels were enhanced in all analyzed tissues (liver, muscle, and brain) and periods of exposure. This study demonstrates that fipronil insecticides cause alterations in the biochemical parameters in different tissues of carp without affecting the growth or the survival of the fish.

Toxicological responses of Cyprinus carpio after exposure to a commercial herbicide containing imazethapyr and imazapic

Cyprinus carpio was exposed to imazethapyr and imazapic at laboratory and at field conditions. The laboratory experiment was carried out for 7 days and at rice field for 7, 30 and 90 days. Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant profile were studied as well as metabolic parameters. After 7 days, brain AChE activity increases in laboratory and field, but in muscle, reduction was observed only in laboratory. At the same period, brain and muscle TBARS and liver CAT increase in the laboratory. Metabolic parameters showed changes in both conditions and exposure periods. After 30 days in rice field, brain AChE activity decreases and in muscle it was enhanced. After 90 days in field, only muscle AChE activity was reduced. The disorders in oxidative stress parameters and metabolism remained, indicating mainly a protein catabolism. This study pointed out short- and long-term effects of rice herbicides at environmentally relevant concentrations on toxicological parameters in tissues of C. carpio.

Commercial formulation containing quinclorac and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides inhibit acetylcholinesterase and induce biochemical alterations in tissues of Leporinus obtusidens.

The effects of commercial formulation containing quinclorac and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant profile and metabolic parameters in teleost fish (Leporinus obtusidens) were studied. The fish were exposed during 90 days to commercial formulation containing quinclorac (204 μg L(-1)) and metsulfuron-methyl (5.8 μg L(-1)) herbicides in rice field irrigated condition. AChE activity in the brain and muscle decreased after exposure to both commercial formulations. The same response was observed for the TBARS levels in brain, liver and muscle. Liver catalase activity reduced after exposure to commercial formulation containing quinclorac and metsulfuron-methyl herbicides. Metabolic parameters in the liver and white muscle (glycogen, lactate, protein and glucose) were determined. These parameters showed different changes after exposure to both commercial formulations. This study pointed out long-term effects of exposure to commercial formulations containing herbicides used in rice on metabolic and enzymatic parameters in tissues of L. obtusidens.

Imazethapyr and imazapic, bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam: zooplankton and dissipation in subtropical rice paddy water.

Herbicides are very effective at eliminating weed and are largely used in rice paddy around the world, playing a fundamental role in maximizing yield. Therefore, considering the flooded environment of rice paddies, it is necessary to understand the side effects on non-target species. Field experiment studies were carried out during two rice growing seasons in order to address how the commonly-used herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic, bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam, used at recommended dosage, affect water quality and the non-target zooplankton community using outdoor rice field microcosm set-up. The shortest (4.9 days) and longest (12.2 days) herbicide half-life mean, estimated of the dissipation rate (k) is shown for imazethapyr and bispyribac-sodium, respectively. Some water quality parameters (pH, conductivity, hardness, BOD5, boron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and chlorides) achieved slightly higher values at the herbicide treatment. Zooplankton community usually quickly recovered from the tested herbicide impact. Generally, herbicides led to an increase of cladocera, copepods and nauplius population, while rotifer population decreased, with recovery at the end of the experiment (88 days after herbicide treatment).

Cladocers, Copepods and Rotifers in rice-fish culture handled with metsulfuron-methyl and azimsulfuron herbicides and carbofuran insecticide

O presente estudo determinou o efeito de metsulfuron-metilico, azimsulfuron e carbofuran nas comunidades: Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera presentes em lavouras de arroz irrigado com o sistema de rizipiscicultura. O experimento foi conduzido durante a safra agricola 2004/05 com oito tratamentos. As especies de peixes utilizadas foram: Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella e Aristichthys nobilis, introduzidas sete dias apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos. Amostras de agua foram coletadas 17 dias antes e no(s) 1°, 3°, 10°, 18°, 31°, 51° e 75° dias apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos para a identificacao e a avaliacao de zooplâncton. Os resultados indicam que os herbicidas estudados nao afetaram a comunidade zooplanctonica e a aplicacao do inseticida carbofuran provocou efeitos negativos em Cladocera. Copepoda e Rotifera foram pouco afetados pelo carbofuran.

Persistência na água e influência de herbicidas utilizados na lavoura arrozeira sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica de Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera

In the rice paddy field it is used a large amount of agrochemical that, depending on their field persistence and toxicity, can contaminate water bodies and may affect living organism. With the objective of determining the effect of field concentrations of Clomazone, Quinclorac, Metsulfuron-methyl and Propanil herbicides on zooplankton community (Cladocers, Copepods and Rotifers), it was carried an experiment in aquaculture ponds, during March to May 2005, in autumn season. In the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 18th, 31th and 51th days after the herbicides application, water samples were collected to evaluate the physical chemical water parameters, herbicides concentration and zooplankton community. The water physical chemical parameters means were: dissolved oxygen (3.5mg L-1), temperature (20.1°C), pH (6.0), total hardness (18mg L-1 CaCO3) and total alkalinity (9mg L-1 CaCO3). The decreasing of herbicides persistence in water was: Clomazone = Quinclorac > Propanil > Metsulfuron-methyl with average of 31, 31, 10 and 7 days, respectively. The results indicated that the herbicides provoke little alteration in density of Rotifers and, Copepods (Adults and Nauplii). The Cladocers group density remained low for the whole experiment period.

Qualidade de água dos rios Vacacaí e Vacacaí-Mirim no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Water is an important natural resource for preserving the life in the planet. In this survey, it was evaluated water quality in the Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim basins in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The water samples were evaluated for N-nitrate (N-NO3), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sodium (Na), pH and electric conductivity (EC). The results were compared to the values suggested by the resolutions of the State Environmental Agency (Secretaria da Saude e Meio Ambiente), the Brazilian Agencies (CONAMA e Ministerio da Saude) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The water pH varied between 5.71 and 7.5 and de EC between 33.33 and 118.88µS cm-1. For N-nitrate 100% samples were in the settled limits by environmental legislation. The P levels were between 0.00 to 0.18mg L-1. The N-ammonia levels varied between 0.02 and 0.39mg L-1, the K levels remained between 2.05 and 3.66mg L-1 and the Na levels between 1.84 and 16.8mg L-1.

Efeito de óleo essencial de laranja associados a fungicidas no controle de doenças foliares do trigo

Foi conduzido um experimento em campo na safra de 2012 com o objetivo de avaliar a contribuicao do oleo essencial de laranja na performance dos fungicidas visando o controle de doencas foliares do trigo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial (3x5) + 1, com quatro repeticoes. O fator A foi composto pelos fungicidas (dose do produto comercial) epoxiconazol (0,75L ha-1), piraclostrobina (0,80L ha-1) e epoxiconazol+piraclostrobina (0,75L ha-1) e o fator B pelos adjuvantes (doses) oleo mineral (500mL ha-1) e oleo essencial de laranja (0, 50, 100 e 150mL ha-1). O tratamento adicional compreendeu-se pela testemunha (agua). O controle de manchas foliares na folha bandeira foi mais eficaz com a aplicacao de epoxiconazol e de epoxiconazol+piraclostrobina independentemente do adjuvante usado ser oleo mineral ou oleo essencial de laranja, enquanto que os adjuvantes testados nao interferiram no controle da ferrugem. O peso do hectolitro, massa de mil graos e a produtividade do trigo nao foram afetados negativamente pelas diferentes concentracoes do oleo essencial de laranja.

Diâmetro do trado e número de amostras para quantificação do banco de sementes de arroz-vermelho do solo

Aiming to estimate the number of samples, and the diameter of soil sampler ideal for red rice infestation level, a irrigated rice field survey has been conducted in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, The experiment was conducted in three areas with 400m2 (20x20m) with different red rice infestation levels considering low, medium and high infestation levels with 71, 282 and 498 red rice seeds per m2, respectively, sample with 5, 10 and 15cm core diameter. The results showed that with larger core diameter the samples coefficient variation among samples was smaller. The core of 10 cm is more functional, been necessary 280, 55 and 31 (D=20%), 33, 9 and 6 (D=60%) and 13, 4 and 3 (D=100%) soil samples for the infestation levels 71, 282 and 498 red rice seeds per m2 respectively. The number of soil samples necessary to estimate the red rice seed bank is variable with the infestation level and the desirable precision.