Gerson Meneghetti Sarzi Sartori

Resíduos de agrotóxicos na água de rios da Depressão Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The rice-growing activity is conducted out with intensive use of agrochemicals, which, depending on the management and rainfall can reach rivers. The study aimed to determine the residues of herbicides clomazone, quinclorac, propanil, bentazone, 2,4-D and imazethapyr and insecticides carbofuran and fipronil in the Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim rivers, located in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul, in the crop of 2003/04 untill 2007/08. Samples were collected from November to February (rice growing season). Analysis of herbicides and carbofuran were performed by HPLC-DAD and fipronil by GC-ECD. During 2003/04, in both rivers, the herbicide clomazone, 2,4-D and propanil were the most frequent in water samples. In 2004/05, the quinclorac was detected in many samples and in 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons fipronil was the most common pesticide in the samples in Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim rivers. In the 2007/08 crop, there were less residues of pesticides in Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim rivers. There is presence of pesticides used in rice farming in the Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim rivers during the rice crop, especially among those analyzed, the herbicides clomazone and quinclorac and the insecticide fipronil.

Persistence of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in irrigated rice soil

The mixture of herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic is used to control red rice in irrigated rice crops. However, such herbicides might persist on the soil for a long period causing phytotoxicity on susceptible rice grown in succession. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of different soil tillage systems during the off-season on the residual phytotoxicity of imazethapyr and imazapic on non tolerant rice. Herbicide residues caused phytotoxicity on susceptible rice with the highest values being registered 25 days after emergence and decreasing after this period until almost disappearing 60 days after emergence. Herbicide residues affected plant stand, number of stems per m2, number of panicles per m2 and plant height, but did not affect grain yield. Soil movement decreased herbicide activity on the superficial soil layer (0-3 cm).

Carryover of Imazethapyr and Imazapic to Nontolerant Rice

Abstract The present work aimed to evaluate plant injury caused by residues in the soil of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic to a nontolerant genotype of rice (IRGA 417) drilled at 371 and 705 d after herbicide application (DAA). Herbicide carryover reduced up to 55% of the grain yield of the IRGA 417 drilled at 371 DAA, and plant injury was still evident at 705 DAA but without grain yield reduction. Nomenclature: Imazethapyr; imazapic; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘IRGA 417’

Lixiviação do imazethapyr em solo de várzea sob dois sistemas de manejo

Imazethapyr has been widely used in Rio Grande do Sul since the development of Clearfield TechnologyTM(CL) on rice, in a formulated mixture of imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g L-1). However, the use of such technology raised the problem of herbicide carryover, which might affect non-tolerant crops in rotation with different intensities. The plant injury is related, among other factors, with the herbicide position in the soil profile. The present work had the objective of determining the depth positioning of imazethapyr on a lowland soil cultivated with rice in two soil tillage system: conventional system (CS) and no till system (NT), in an area where CL rice had been cultivated for two years followed by non tolerant rice in the third year. Herbicide concentration in soil samples was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. There is a higher concentration of imazethapyr in the topsoil (0-5cm) on the CS, when compared to the NT, while it leached until 20cm in both systems. In the CS, imazethapyr were uniformly distributed in the first 15 cm of soil, whereas in NT, imazethapyr were accumulated in 5-10 and 10-15cm layers.

Resposta do arroz irrigado ao uso de inibidor de urease em plantio direto e convencional

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a volatilizacao de N-NH3 e a resposta do arroz irrigado ao uso de ureia com inibidor de urease em dois sistemas de cultivo, direto e convencional. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um experimento em campo, no ano agricola 2008/09, na UFSM em Santa Maria/RS. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial (2x5), sendo o fator A constituido por ureia e ureia revestida com B e Cu (inibidor de urease) e o fator B composto por diferentes intervalos de entrada de agua (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 dias) apos a aplicacao das fontes de nitrogenio (N). Os resultados demonstram que o inibidor de urease retarda e diminui a conversao de N para NH3, reduzindo as perdas por volatilizacao, comparativamente a ureia sem inibidor. Entre os sistemas, as perdas sao potencializadas no sistema plantio direto. O inibidor de urease nao traz beneficios a produtividade em qualquer um dos sistemas de cultivo utilizados e o estresse causado na planta de arroz pelo atraso no inicio da irrigacao e mais prejudicial do que as perdas causadas pela volatilizacao de N-NH3.

Effects of irrigated rice sowing season and imazapyr + imazapic time of application on rice grain yield and red rice management

Irrigated rice sowing season and red rice competition are among the main factors affecting grain yield. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sowing date of irrigated rice and moments of application of the herbicide imazapyr + imazapic to control red rice management and irrigated rice grain yield. Eight experiments were performed at the following dates (09/30, 10/19, 11/08 and 12/01) for the 2010/2011 harvest season and (09/27, 10/17, 11/08 and 12/05) for the 2011/2012 harvest season. The treatments were: application of the herbicide imazapyr + imazapic at doses of 105+35 g ha-1 in pre-emergence (PRE); 52.5+17.5 g ha‑1 in pre-emergence and 52.5+17.5 g ha-1 in post-emergence (PRE + POST); and 105+35 g ha-1 in post- emergence (POST), and a control without application and no weeding. The cultivar Puita Inta CL was used and a randomized block design with four replicates. A joint analysis of the experiments was carried out. There was less emergence of red rice and higher grain yield of the irrigated rice at the early periods (09/30/10 and 09/27/11), with 10,578 and 8,653 kg ha-1, respectively. At the end of the season (12/01/10 and 12/05/11), there was greater reduction of the red rice seed bank. Sowing at the beginning of the recommended period provided more irrigated rice grain yield. The application of imazapyr + imazapic at a dose of 52.5+17.5 g ha-1 in PRE + 52.5+17.5 g ha-1 POST, and 105+35 g ha-1 only in PRE and POST was effective in the control of red rice.

Fontes alternativas à ureia no fornecimento de nitrogênio para o arroz irrigado

Urea is the main source of N used in agriculture, but has large losses in irrigated rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of N sources alternative to urea for use by rice applied at different stages of plant development through the quantification of N-NH3 and agronomic parameters. The experiment was conducted in the field in the agricultural years 2007/08 and 2008/09. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of different N sources applied at seeding, tillering and at the stage of floral differentiation: control without N, urea, urea + urease inhibitor, two sources of liquid N (N-28 and N-30) ammonium sulfate and urea + sulfur. In both seasons, the volatilization of N-NH3 at seeding was almost negligible, whereas in the V4 stage, the source that was less volatilized was the ammonium sulfate. Yield response varied among years, probably due to the availability of N in the soil and climatic aspects. When economically advantageous, the use of urease inhibitor and ammonium sulfate provide yields similar to urea supply.

Qualidade de água dos rios Vacacaí e Vacacaí-Mirim no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Water is an important natural resource for preserving the life in the planet. In this survey, it was evaluated water quality in the Vacacai and Vacacai-Mirim basins in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The water samples were evaluated for N-nitrate (N-NO3), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sodium (Na), pH and electric conductivity (EC). The results were compared to the values suggested by the resolutions of the State Environmental Agency (Secretaria da Saude e Meio Ambiente), the Brazilian Agencies (CONAMA e Ministerio da Saude) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The water pH varied between 5.71 and 7.5 and de EC between 33.33 and 118.88µS cm-1. For N-nitrate 100% samples were in the settled limits by environmental legislation. The P levels were between 0.00 to 0.18mg L-1. The N-ammonia levels varied between 0.02 and 0.39mg L-1, the K levels remained between 2.05 and 3.66mg L-1 and the Na levels between 1.84 and 16.8mg L-1.

Rendimento de grãos de soja em função de sistemas de plantio e irrigação por superfície em Planossolos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of planting systems and supplementary border irrigation on soybean yield in areas of a compacted layer in the soil subsurface. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a factorial arrangement, with four replicates, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Experiment 1 was performed in Santa Maria, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons; and experiment 2 in Formigueiro, in the 2013/2014 crop season. The treatments consisted of factors A and D. Factor A considered the following planting systems: A1, sowing using double disks; A2, sowing using notched disks; A3, sowing using shanks; A4, sowing using shanks and soil accommodation mechanism; A5, raised bed system; and A6, deep tillage and sowing using double disks. Factor D consisted of irrigated or nonirrigated treatments. In the 2014/2015 growing season, factor A4 was changed using a shank at 5 cm from the seeding line. Experiment 2 consisted only of factor A of experiment 1, without the raised bed system. The systems with deep tillage and sowing using a shank provide higher soybean grain yield. Irrigation at soil moisture conditions lower than 60% of field capacity increases soybean grain yield.

Produtividade, fitotoxicidade e controle de arroz-vermelho na sucessão de cultivo de arroz irrigado no Sistema CLEARFIELD®

The objective of this study was to evaluate the CLEARFIELD ® system regarding the control of red rice, influences on productivity, as well as the possible phytotoxicity caused by carryover soil formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic in tolerant rice genotype (IRGA 422CL) and non-tolerant (IRGA 417), which served as indicator plants. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (4x3) with subplots, the main plots represented by rotating tolerant rice (IRGA 422CL) and rice not tolerant to imidazolinone (IRGA 417). In sub-plot treatments were applied to control red rice in different stages of the post-emergence (V4), pre + post emergence (day of seeding V4). Phytotoxicity was characterized based on the color of the leaves, width, growth and development of the leaf. It was observed that phytotoxicity was greater when the herbicide was applied post-emergence, effects remaining until 383 days after application. The control of red rice is not efficient with the use of only one agricultural year of CLEARFIELD® system and the best level of control and yield was obtained after two or three consecutive years of this system.