Rafael Bruck Ferreira

Resposta do arroz irrigado ao uso de inibidor de urease em plantio direto e convencional

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a volatilizacao de N-NH3 e a resposta do arroz irrigado ao uso de ureia com inibidor de urease em dois sistemas de cultivo, direto e convencional. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um experimento em campo, no ano agricola 2008/09, na UFSM em Santa Maria/RS. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial (2x5), sendo o fator A constituido por ureia e ureia revestida com B e Cu (inibidor de urease) e o fator B composto por diferentes intervalos de entrada de agua (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 dias) apos a aplicacao das fontes de nitrogenio (N). Os resultados demonstram que o inibidor de urease retarda e diminui a conversao de N para NH3, reduzindo as perdas por volatilizacao, comparativamente a ureia sem inibidor. Entre os sistemas, as perdas sao potencializadas no sistema plantio direto. O inibidor de urease nao traz beneficios a produtividade em qualquer um dos sistemas de cultivo utilizados e o estresse causado na planta de arroz pelo atraso no inicio da irrigacao e mais prejudicial do que as perdas causadas pela volatilizacao de N-NH3.

Fontes alternativas à ureia no fornecimento de nitrogênio para o arroz irrigado

Urea is the main source of N used in agriculture, but has large losses in irrigated rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of N sources alternative to urea for use by rice applied at different stages of plant development through the quantification of N-NH3 and agronomic parameters. The experiment was conducted in the field in the agricultural years 2007/08 and 2008/09. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of different N sources applied at seeding, tillering and at the stage of floral differentiation: control without N, urea, urea + urease inhibitor, two sources of liquid N (N-28 and N-30) ammonium sulfate and urea + sulfur. In both seasons, the volatilization of N-NH3 at seeding was almost negligible, whereas in the V4 stage, the source that was less volatilized was the ammonium sulfate. Yield response varied among years, probably due to the availability of N in the soil and climatic aspects. When economically advantageous, the use of urease inhibitor and ammonium sulfate provide yields similar to urea supply.

Aplicação de fungicida em plantas de arroz irrigado e seu efeito na qualidade de sementes durante o armazenamento

The storage of irrigated rice seeds consists of the preservation of seed physiological quality for new crops and may involve fungicide applications to the plant canopy in order to maintain this. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fungicide mixture of propiconazole+trifloxystrobin applied to the plant canopy at different developmental stages of irrigated rice, on the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds produced and stored in two locations, for six months. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications in a factorial scheme (4x2x4), with the factors being: application of the fungicide mixture propiconale+trifloxystrobin on plant canopy at stages R2, R3, R2+R4 and plants with no fungicide applications during the growing cycle; two storage locations (cold and dry chamber and warehouse) and 0, 2, 4, and 6 months of storage. We conclude that the use of two applications of the fungicide mixture (propiconazole +trifloxystrobin) benefits germination and seed vigor, as well as reducing the incidence of fungi associated with seeds; the increase of storage time reduces seed vigor and germination, independent of the storage conditions, but the incidence of fungi associated with seeds in a cold and dry chamber is smaller.

Aplicação de fungicida em cultivares de arroz irrigado e seu efeito na qualidade de sementes

The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of aerial fungicide application on irrigated rice seeds, planted after the recommended period and harvested with different moisture contents. The experiment was conducted during the 2008/09 season, using an experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial scheme, with strip plots and four replications. The main factor, in strip plots, was composed of four irrigated rice cultivars: BR-IRGA 409, IRGA 417, IRGA 422CL and IRGA 423. In the sub-plot, the fungicide was applied to the plant canopy at different development stages (T1- untreated check, T2- application in R2 stage, T3- application in R3 stage and T4- application in R2+R4 stages). Each strip in the sub-subplot was harvested with an average moisture content of 24, 22, 20, 18, 16 and 14%. Fungicide application of a formulated mixture of propiconazole+trifloxystrobin maintains the physiological quality of the rice seeds high, especially with two applications (at the stage R2+R4). There is a reduction in rice seed germination and vigor with delayed harvest, which was more evident when the average moisture content at harvest was below 22%.

Época de aplicação de nitrogênio e de início da irrigação na fitotoxicidade causada pela aplicação de imidazolinonas em arroz tolerante

The use of imidazolinones herbicides in tolerant rice genotypes can cause injury to rice plant. Integrated management practices, such as, water and nitrogen management could be able to reduce this problem, either reducing the injury or speeding the recovery. For this reason, it was carried out a field experiment with the objective of evaluating the effects of flood and nitrogen topdressing application timing on the rice plant injury caused by the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic (75 and 25g a.i. L-1) at 1.25L ha-1, in the IRGA 422 CL rice cultivar. The experiment was carried out on 2005/06 and 2006/07 growing season, in a lowland area in the city of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme (4x3)+1 with split plot and four replications. The factor A were the flood timing (1, 5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application - DAT) and the factor B were the topdressing nitrogen application (1, 5 and 10DAT), plus an untreated check. The results showed that in the tolerant rice cultivar, the injury promoted by the use of the herbicide was lower when the nitrogen application was done earlier (until the 5th day after herbicide application) and the flooding was done on the day following the herbicide application or at 15 days after herbicide application, without impact on grain yield. But, regarding to the late flooding (15DAT), this is not a recommendable practice because it can favor the red rice emergence in infested areas.