Ghufran Ahmed

GRAdient cost establishment (GRACE) for an energy-aware routing in wireless sensor networks

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the nodes have limitations in terms of energy-constraint, unreliable links, and frequent topology change. In this paper we propose an energy-aware routing protocol, that outperforms the existing ones with an enhanced network lifetime and more reliable data delivery. Major issues in the design of a routing strategy in wireless sensor networks are to make efficient use of energy and to increase reliability in data delivery. The proposed approach reduces both energy consumption and communication-bandwidth requirements and prolongs the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. Using both analysis and extensive simulations, we show that the proposed dynamic routing helps achieve the desired system performance under dynamically changing network conditions. The proposed algorithm is compared with one of the best existing routing algorithms, GRAB. Moreover, a modification in GRAB is proposed which not only improves its performance but also prolongs its lifetime.

Cluster head selection using decision trees for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the hot research topic in the civil as well as military applications. Researchers are working in this area to boost it up according to the current needs and requirements. An efficient way to enhance the lifetime of the WSN is to partition the network into distinct clusters with a high-energy node called gateway as cluster-head. In this paper we present the cluster head selection scheme based on four major factors. We are using decision tree algorithm to select the best node as a cluster head. Simulation results show that the performance of this scheme is better than the cluster head selection using both the AHP (analytical hierarchy process) and the LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy).

Quasi centralized clustering approach for an energy-efficient and vulnerability-aware routing in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a Quasi-Centralized Clustering Approach (QCCA), in which Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) partition into disjoint and equal-sized cells. Each cell has a powerful node, which acts as a cluster head. Hence, we consider a heterogeneous cluster-based WSN, which consists of two types of nodes: powerful clusterheads and ordinary sensor nodes. It leverages the advantages of small transmit distances for most nodes, requiring only a few nodes to transmit far distances to the base station. It completely eliminates redundant transmissions by ensuring, via carrier sensing (CSMA-CA), only one head sensor in each cell transmits and communicates with the sink, which can be either mobile or stationary. This approach reduces both energy consumption and communication bandwidth requirements, and prolongs the lifetime of the WSN. Simulation results show that a large amount of energy is saved using this strategy.

A Kalman filter based adaptive on demand transmission power control (AODTPC) algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Transmission power control (TPC) is a key technique to save the energy of a sensor node in a resource-constrained wireless sensor network (WSN). A variety of algorithms have been proposed to enhance the lifetime of the network. Nevertheless, Power-level regulation of a sensor node in time-varying propagation environment still needs deep investigation due to the uncertain behavior of the wireless fading channel. In order to address this issue, an energy efficient and reliable power control algorithm that works according to the variations in the propagation environment is presented in this paper. We propose an adaptive version of a well known algorithm, On Demand Transmission Power Control (ODTPC), named as Adaptive ODTPC or AODTPC. The proposed algorithm is based on Kalman Filter, which is used to predict the future received radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) values by incorporating the time-varying fading channel conditions. These values are then used to regulate the transmission power level with the help of ODTPC strategy prior to data transmission. Thus, the main objective of this work is to capture the time-varying variations of uncertain environment and adjust the power levels according to realistic environment behavior. Simulation results demonstrate that AODTPC performs better in terms of energy efficiency and increases node lifetime than its predecessor.

Modified on demand transmission power control for wireless sensor networks

On Demand Transmission Power Control (ODTPC) is a well known transmission power control strategy that is used to reduce high power consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose an extension to ODTPC and thus, a modified version of ODTPC is proposed named MODTPC. Simulation results show that performance of MODTPC is better than ODTPC in terms of efficiency and energy saving.

A Robust Routing Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper investigates a routing mechanism that generates routing paths dynamically for a network of wireless sensor nodes. The strategy Is based on the logical network abridgement (LNA) scheme designed for the adhoc networks in the literature. Sensor networks are distinguished from the traditional networks by characteristics such as deeply embedded routers, highly dynamic networks, resource constrained nodes, frequent topology change and unreliable and asymmetric links. Although there are some previous methods for adaptive routing in these networks, but not much work has been done so far in this direction. In this paper, we propose a simple, efficient and distributed routing scheme based on the logical network abridgement (LNA), which is used to measure the underlying path diversity and intrinsic network resiliency to congestion, failures and attacks. It works well in dynamic and realistic environment. Simulation results are given, which show that the strategy based LNA helps achieve the desired system performance under the dynamically changing network conditions.

BEEC: Balanced Energy Efficient Circular Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Design of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is difficult because of limited battery energy of sensor nodes. Low bandwidth and energy consumption are major problems that we face in UWSNs, due to dynamic behavior of water in underwater environment. In our scheme, circular field is divided into ten sub-regions and each region is divided into eight sectors. Two mobile sinks move to cover the maximum area of the network field. Mobile Sink1 (Ms1) covered the first five regions of the network and remaining covered by Mobile Sink2 (Ms2). Both mobile sinks move sector wise in clockwise direction. Due to the mobility of the sinks. We have verify the better performance through simulation results of Network lifetime, Stability and Instability period, Energy consumption and Throughput.

EE-MRP: Energy-Efficient Multistage Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have captivated substantial attention from both industrial and academic research in the last few years. The major factor behind the research efforts in that field is their vast range of applications which include surveillance systems, military operations, health care, environment event monitoring, and human safety. However, sensor nodes are low potential and energy constrained devices; therefore, energy-efficient routing protocol is the foremost concern. In this paper, an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Our protocol consists of a routing algorithm for the transmission of data, cluster head selection algorithm, and a scheme for the formation of clusters. On the basis of energy analysis of the existing routing protocols, a multistage data transmission mechanism is proposed. An efficient cluster head selection algorithm is adopted and unnecessary frequency of reclustering is exterminated. Static clustering is used for efficient selection of cluster heads. The performance and energy efficiency of our proposed routing protocol are assessed by the comparison of the existing routing protocols on a simulation platform. On the basis of simulation results, it is observed that our proposed routing protocol (EE-MRP) has performed well in terms of overall network lifetime, throughput, and energy efficiency.

Adaptive Power-Control Based Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Efficient utilization of energy is a hot topic of research in the field of wireless sensor networks. Limited battery resource at a sensor node coupled with the hostile multi-path fading propagation environment makes the task of the network to provide reliable data services with an enhanced lifetime, challenging. In order to achieve this goal, a number of efforts have been made by the researchers; one such key strategy is an energy-aware routing embedded with transmission power control mechanism. In this strategy, every sensor node in a network transmits at a lowest possible power level to maintain on one hand reliable wireless links with other neighboring nodes and saves the energy on the other. In this paper, we propose a novel routing technique embedded with transmission power control for wireless sensor networks while considering a realistic radio fading environment. The proposed strategy considers channel fading in the propagation environment and mitigate it through transmission power control mechanism. The main aim of the proposed protocol, APCEER, is to reduce the communication interference among sensor nodes, establish energy-efficient routes from source to sink and thus, to save energy of each and every sensor node in the network. This results in an overall increase of network lifetime, transmission throughput, energy saving and reduce communication interference and collision. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing energy-aware routing strategies that are not equipped with a power control mechanism. The proposed protocol thus utilizes in urban applications of wireless sensor networks that need ultra efficient utilization of energy by power-constrained nodes operating in severe fading conditions.

Real-time gradient Cost Establishment (RT-GRACE) for an energy-aware routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise of tiny and resource-constrained sensor nodes that communicate with each other, through unreliable wireless links. In many applications areas of WSNs, real-time forwarding is required that means that data must be delivered to sink within a specified time frame. This paper proposes an energy-aware real-time routing protocol with gradient cost field establishment. The proposed protocol can also be used in the non-real-time data applications. The proposed protocol ensures long lifetime of the overall network with a predefined reliability and throughput. In the proposed approach, data reaches the sink from a source, by selecting a routing path in such a way that it takes into account residual energy of the nodes in the selected routing path along with the deadline of the data packet and quality of wireless links. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is better than other notable real-time routing strategies found in the literature in terms of network lifetime and throughput.