Saif ul Islam

BEEC: Balanced Energy Efficient Circular Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Design of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is difficult because of limited battery energy of sensor nodes. Low bandwidth and energy consumption are major problems that we face in UWSNs, due to dynamic behavior of water in underwater environment. In our scheme, circular field is divided into ten sub-regions and each region is divided into eight sectors. Two mobile sinks move to cover the maximum area of the network field. Mobile Sink1 (Ms1) covered the first five regions of the network and remaining covered by Mobile Sink2 (Ms2). Both mobile sinks move sector wise in clockwise direction. Due to the mobility of the sinks. We have verify the better performance through simulation results of Network lifetime, Stability and Instability period, Energy consumption and Throughput.

Retransmission Avoidance for Reliable Data Delivery in Underwater WSNs

The energy-efficient and reliable delivery of data packets in resource constraint underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is one of the key considerations to enhance the network lifetime. The traditional re-transmissions approach consumes the node battery and increases the communication overhead, which results in congestion and affects the reliable data packet delivery in the network. To ensure the reliability and conserve the node battery, in this paper, we propose adaptive forwarding layer multipath power control routing protocol to reduce the energy dissipation, achieve the data reliability and avoid the energy hole problem. In order to achieve the reliability, tree based topology is exploited to direct multiple copies of the data packet towards the surface through cross nodes in the network. The energy dissipation is reduced by a substantial amount with the selection of low noise path between the source and the destination including the information of neighbors of the potential forwarder node. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed work outperforms the compared existing scheme in terms of energy efficiency and packet received ratio (PRR).

Balanced Energy Efficient Rectangular routing protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Modeling of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) with a goal of maximum network lifetime and throughput with minimum energy consumption is a quite difficult task because of limited battery power and harsh underwater environment. Balanced Energy Efficient Rectangular routing protocol (BEER) covers the maximum network area with the mobility of sinks and collects the data from sensor nodes in their transmission range using direct transmission. Sink movement maximizes the throughput and balanced the energy consumption. Simulation results verify that our scheme performs outstanding in terms of network lifetime, stability period and throughput with minimum energy consumption.

MC: Maximum Coverage Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Deployment of sensor nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks with a goal of maximum network field coverage is very difficult. Moreover, to access the information from sensor nodes efficiently in aquatic environment is very unpredictable. In our scheme sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the network filed. We have cover the maximum network field through constant mobility of two sinks. Due to consistent movement of mobile sinks every time maximum number of sensor nodes transmit their data packets to the respective mobile sink in their transmission range. Mobility of sinks increases the throughput with balanced energy consumption. Simulation results show that, MC protocol perform better in terms of network lifetime, throughput and energy consumption.

Energy hole avoidance based routing for underwater WSNs

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) arouse as a better alternative of underwater wired instruments for data gathering. Acoustic signals offer low bandwidth and UWSNs faces low reliability, high delay and high energy consumption issues. Moreover, energy holes creation decreases network performance in terms of energy and throughput. The design of routing protocols which considers these challenges can improve data gathering. In this paper, we propose forward layered multipath power control-one (FLMPC-One) and FLMPC-Two routing protocols to reduce energy utilization, achieve reliability and elude energy holes. Both FLMPC-One and FLMPC-Two are multicast routing protocols. In order to achieve reliability, both schemes direct multiple copies towards surface through different paths which posses low noises by establishing binary tree. Mostly, current forwarder takes decision of next forwarder selection and gets deceived by energy holes. Therefore, FLMPC-One and FLMPC-Two makes decision by including two and three hops neighbors, respectively to detect and elude energy hole. In this way, they conserve energy and reduce delay introduced by retransmission.

Coverage hole alleviation using geographic routing for WSNs

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to alleviate coverage hole problem using geographic routing strategy for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to accomplish desired results, an optimal number of forwarder nodes is computed along with the selection of path that has minimum energy consumption. Moreover, at each hop residual energy of a sensor is calculated and knowledge up-to one hop neighbors of forwarder node that ensures the avoidance of energy hole problem. Simulations are conducted to validate that our claim of outperforming compared existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy dissipation of the network nodes.

Chapter 2 – Implanted Wireless Body Area Networks: Energy Management, Specific Absorption Rate and Safety Aspects

Energy is an important factor to be considered especially in the cases where implantable nodes are used. This is important because it is very difficult to replace the battery of a node placed inside a body. Researchers have been trying to develop energy efficient solutions in order to save energy and to extend the overall network lifetime. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and the energy management challenges. Moreover, heating issues faced by sensor nodes implanted in human body are also discussed. Heat dissipation is mainly due to the transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals to and from other sensor nodes which are part of the same network. The amount of heat dissipation is known as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and is measured in W/kg. There is a need to find solutions to reduce it to a level which is not dangerous for human health. High values of SAR results in tissue damage. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to discuss energy management, SAR and safety aspects in implanted wireless body area networks.

RSM and VSM: Two New Routing Protocols for Underwater WSNs

Due to unique characteristics of underwater environment, it is difficult to achieve energy efficiency, high throughput and low bit error rate. Radio signals do not propagate well in underwater environment so acoustic signals are used for communication. Acoustic signals offer low bandwidth, high bit error rate, low throughput and high end-to-end delay. Data packets often loose their path which effect throughput. To increase throughput, we proposed two schemes i.e. Regional Sink Mobility (RSM) and Vertical Sink Mobility (VSM). Sensor node does not need to have information of all other nodes. It only needs information of nodes closer to it. In RSM, we divide whole network into three regions of equal size. There is a mobile sink in each region. Sensor nodes either send data packets directly to sink or through neighbors if sink is in transmission range of any neighbor. In VSM, complete field is divided into ten equal sized regions. There are three mobile sinks. Data transmission mechanism is same as of RSM. At the end, extensive simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of proposed schemes.