Giuseppe Basini

Observations of cosmic ray electrons and positrons using an imaging calorimeter

A ballon-borne magnet spectrometer system was flown for 5.5 hr at an altitude of more than 117,00 feet from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (Canada), on 1989 September 5, when the Newark neutron monitor rate was 2952. The instrument was a modified version of the one used to observe antiprotons in 1979. The most significant modification was the addition of an imaging calorimeter, 7.33 radiation lengths thick. Inclusion of the calorimeter has significantly improved the ability to distinguish electrons and positrons from the other constituents of the cosmic rays. The absolute electron flux has been determined in the energy interval 1.3-26 GeV. The electron spectrum at the top of the atmosphere was found to be J(sub e-) = 177E(exp -(3.15+/-0.13)) electrons/ sq m/(sr s GeV) in the energy range 4.0-26 GeV. Below 4 GeV, the spectrum showed flattening, which is consistent with the effect of solar modulation. The e(+)/(e(+)+e(-)) ratio was found to be (0.11 +/- 0.03) in the energy range 5.2-13 GeV.

Measurements of the absolute energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons above 7 GeV

A measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was made with a balloon-borne magnet- spectrometer, which was flown at a mean geomagnetic cut-o of 4.5 GV/c. The observed positron flux in the energy range 7-16 GeV is approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of electrons, as measured in other experiments at various energies. The power law spectral index of the observed dierential energy spectrum of electrons is 2:89 0:10 in the energy interval 7.5-47 GeV. For positrons the overall fit of the available data above 7 GeV has been considered. The spectral index is found to be 3:37 0:26 and the fraction of positrons, e + /(e + + e ), has a mean value of 0:064 0:003. The world data on e + /(e + + e ) from 0.1 to 30 GeV indicate that a plerion type electron spectrum is preferred over the other types. The trend of the presently existing high energy data also suggests a possible contribution of positrons produced at the pulsar polar cap. High resolution experiments capable of identifying positrons at least up to 100 GeV with high statistics are required to pinpoint the origin of both electrons and positrons in the cosmic radiation.

Performance of a balloon-borne magnet spectrometer for cosmic ray studies

Abstract This paper summarizes the performance characteristics of the balloon-borne magnet spectrometer operated by New Mexico State Universitys Particle Astrophysics Laboratory. Particular emphasis has been placed on the rigidity resolution, including both random and systematic errors of the magnetic spectrometer system. Measurement of the performance characteristics has been greatly enhanced through the use of an imaging calorimeter as an independent aid in the identification of cosmic rays.

The general conservation principle. Absolute validity of conservation laws and their role as source of entanglement, topology changes, and generation of masses

We propose a new approach in which several paradoxes and shortcomings of modern physics can be solved because conservation laws are always conserved. Directly due to the fact that conservation laws can never be violated, the symmetry of the theory leads to the very general consequence that backward and forward time evolution are both allowed. The generalization of the approach to five dimensions, each one with real physical meaning, leads to the derivation of particle masses as a result of a process of embedding.

A Dynamical Unification Scheme from General Conservation Laws

The aim of this work is to present an unification scheme of fundamental interactions based on a well defined dynamics, the non-introduction of ad hoc hypotheses and the consideration of the minimal necessary number of free parameters and dimensions. A dynamical unification scheme of fundamental interactions can be achieved assuming a 5D space where conservation laws are always and absolutely valid, i.e. never violated. This approach gives rise to an induced-matter theory in the usual 4D space-time through a process of embedding and dimensional reduction by which masses, spins and charges of particles naturally spring out, and also the the hierarchy problem can be successfully faced thanks to the mass spectrum. The emergence of asymptotic freedom also for gravitational interaction, the existence of two time arrows together with the possibility of closed time-like paths are intrinsic results of such a theory, leading to a recovering of the causality principle and to a formal, dynamical explanation of several paradoxes and questioning problems of modern physics e.g. entanglement of EPR-type quantum states, quantum teleportation, gamma ray bursts origin, black hole singularities and cosmic primary antimatter absence.

The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Effect: Paradox or Gate?

The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox represents one of the most controversial aspects of quantum mechanics (QM). In this paper, we suggest that it can be solved by taking into account the fact that physical quantum phenomena can be extended backward in time (i.e. we take into account two arrows of time instead of one). We derive such a strong statement as a consequence of symmetries and conservation laws implying field equations which are invariant under time reversal. Our approach, violating Einsteins locality postulate, confirms QM predictions and explains the failure of Bells inequalities.

Study of the granularity for a tracking calorimeter with optimal rejection of proton background in positron detection

SummaryIn this paper we present a Monte Carlo study of a calorimeter response for an experiment to equip the magnetic facility of the USA space station. Main purpose in the design of such a calorimeter is the efficient discrimination between eloctromagnetic and hadronic showers. The estimated rejection power results to be better than 1·10−3 p/e+ for incident particles with energy between 10 GeV and 100GeV.RiassuntoIn questo lavoro presentiamo lo studio, realizzato con un metodo di Monte Carlo, della risposta di un calorimetro progettato per un esperimento da inserire nel magnete della stazione spaziale USA. Il principale obiettivo, considerato nel progetto di questo calorimetro, è l’efficiente discriminazione tra sciami elettromagnetici e adronici. Il potere di reiezione è stimato migliore di 1·10−3p/e+ per energie delle particelle incidenti da 10 GeV a 100 GeV.РезюмеВ этой работе мы предлагаем исследование по методу Монте-Карло отклика калориметра, который сконструирован для экспериментов на космической станции США. Основная цель при конструировании такого калориметра заключается в эффективной дискриминации между электромагнитными и адронными ливнями. Оценивается степень устранения фона протонов, которая оказывается лучше, чем 1·10−3 p/e+ для падающих частиц с энергиями между 10 ГэВ и 100 ГэВ.

Application of silicon-detector technology to experiments in space. An option for the Astromag facility

SummaryCosmic antimatter search needs transportation systems of the apparatus outside the atmosphere. The Astromag facility on the NASA space station will be a great opportunity for such a search in the next future. Here we discuss the advantages achievable from silicon-detector technology in space research and we propose a silicon calorimeter as an ideal option to work in connection with the Astromag facility itself.RiassuntoLa ricerca di antimateria cosmica necessita di sistemi di trasporto e di apparati al di fuori dell’atmosfera. La facility Astromag, posta sulla stazione spaziale della NASA, costituirà nel prossimo futuro una grande opportunità per questo tipo di ricerca. Si discutono qui i vantaggi che si possono ottenera dalla tecnologia dei rivelatori a silicio nella ricerca spaziale e si propone un calorimetro a silicio come opzione ideale per operare in connessione con la facility Astromag stessa.РезюмеПоиски антивещества в космосе требуют транспортных систем для вывода экспериментальной аппаратуры за пределы атмосферы. Экспериментальная установка «АСТРОМАГ» на космической станции NASA представляет болышие возможности для таких поисков. Мы обсуждаем преимущества технологии кремниевых детекторов в космических исследованиях. Предлагается кремниевый калориметр, как идеальный прибор для установки «АСТРОМАГ».

Gamma ray bursts as a signature for entangled gravitational systems

Abstract Gamma ray bursts (GRBs), due to their features, can be considered not only extremely energetic, but also as the most relativistic astrophysical objects discovered. Their phenomenology is still matter of debate and, till now, no fully satisfactory model has been formulated to explain the nature of their origin. In the framework of a recently developed new theory, where general conservation laws are always and absolutely conserved in nature, we propose an alternative model where an “entangled” gravitational system, dynamically constituted by a black holes connected to a white hole through a worm hole, seems capable of explaining most of the properties inferred for the GRB engine. In particular, it leads to a natural explanation of energetics, beaming, polarization, and, very likely, distribution. On the other hand, GRBs can be considered a signature of such entangled gravitational systems.

Simulation of low-energy antiproton interactions in a sampling calorimeter

SummaryThis paper describes the Monte Carlo program used for the simulation of antiproton interactions at intermediate energy inside a brass streamer-tube tracking calorimeter, to be used in a search for antimatter in cosmic rays, in the high atmosphere. The calorimeter is sensitive in the kinetic-energy range (100 ⧀v 5000) MeV and the Monte Carlo is tuned in this energy interval both for proton and antiproton interactions. The detector geometry, which consists of a set of plane slabs, may be easily extended to other calorimeter structures.RiassuntoQuesto articolo descrive il programma Monte Carlo utilizzato per la simulazione di interazioni di antiprotoni ad energia intermedia all’interno di un calorimetro tracciante a tubi a streamer in ottone, da impiegare nella ricerca in alta atmosfera di antimateria nei raggi cosmici. Il calorimetro è sensibile nell’intervallo di energie cinetiche (100 ⧀v 5000) MeV ed il Monte Carlo è utilizzato in tale intervallo di energie sia per interazioni di protoni che di antiprotoni. La geometria del rivelatore, che consiste in una serie di piani soarapposti, può essere estesa in modo semplice a calorimetri diversamente strutturati.РезюмеВ этой статье описыва ется программа Монте-Карло для моделирования взаим одействия антипрото нов промежуточных энерг ий внутри трекового к алориметра, чтобы исп ользовать его для пои ска антивещес чтобы использовать е го для поиска антивещ ества в космических л учах в верхних слоях а тмосферы. Калориметр является чувствител ьным в области кинети космических лучах в в ерхних слоях атмосфе ры. Калориметр являет ся чувствительным в о бласти кинетических энергий от 100 МэВ до 5000 МэВ и Калориметр является чувствительным в обл асти кинетических эн ергий от 100 МэВ до 5000 МэВ и кинетических энерги й от 100 МэВ до 5000 МэВ и программа Монте-Карл о настроена на указан ный энергетический инте рвал для взаимодействий прот онов и антипротонов. Г еометрия детектора, который со стоит из системы плос копараллельных плас тин, может быть обобще на на плоскопараллельных пластин, может быть об общена на случай друг их структур. случай других структ ур.