Gizelli Moiano de Paula

Filocrono de genótipos de arroz irrigado em função de época de semeadura

The phyllochron is defined as the time needed for appearance of successive leaves on a culm in plants of the Poaceae family. Using the concept of phyllochron, it is possible to calculate the number of accumulated leaves, which is an excellent parameter to measure the plant development. The objective of this study was to estimate the phyllochron of seven rice cultivars grown in Southern Brazil in five sowing dates in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State. A two-year field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 growing seasons, with five sowing dates each year. Seven rice cultivars recommended for Southern Brazil were used: IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM and EPAGRI 109. The phyllochron (°C day leaf-1) was estimated by the inverse of the slope of the linear regression between main culm number of accumulated leaves (represented by the Haun Stage) and thermal time (base temperature = 11°C) accumulated from plant emergence. Genotype differences are small and can be neglected, but the environment, mainly through sowing date, has a large effect on phyllochron in rice.

Associação da variabilidade da precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico

The objective of this work was to verify the association of the interdecadal variability of rainfall in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Part of the interannual variation in rainfall is explained by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean. In the second half of the 1990s, another oscillation in the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean was reported, with greater duration than ENSO, named the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Monthly precipitation data collected at the Meteorological Station of Santa Maria of the 1912-2008 period and monthly PDO indices of the same period were used. The analyses were performed on an annual, semestral (first and second semester), seasonal (Summer, Fall, Winter, and Spring), and monthly basis. There is a link between rainfall and PDO, because decades with precipitation higher than normal are associated with a warm phase of PDO, followed by decades with below-normal rainfall associated with a cool phase of PDO, which indicate mid and long-term periodic oscillations of rainfall in Santa Maria.

Estimativa do plastocrono em cultivares de soja

A parameter widely used in development simulation models of dicot species is the time interval between the appearance of two successive nodes on a stem, known as plastochron, with units of oC day node-1. The objective of this study was to estimate the plastochron in some soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars recommended for Southern Brazil. Two experiments were carried out at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, one during the 2004/2005 and another during the 2005/2006 growing season. Six cultivars (BRS 66, CD 201, CD 203, CD 205, FT 9, FUNDACEP 39) were used in 2004/2005 and five cultivars (CD 205, CD 209, CD 213 RR, CD 214 RR, CD 219 RR) in 2005/2006, in a complete randomized block design, with two replications (average of five plants) in 2004/2005 and three replications (average of six plants) in 2005/2006. The plastochron was estimated by the inverse of the slope of the linear regression of the number of visible nodes on the main stem against the accumulated daily thermal time (base temperature of 10 oC and an optimum threshold temperature of 30 oC) from emergence. Many cultivars (CD 201, FT 9 and CD 205 in 2004/2005, and CD 219 RR, CD 205 and CD 214 RR in 2005/2006) had similar plastochron values. Considering all cultivars, the average and variation (lowest and greatest) value of plastochron were 55.9 (49.6 - 60.3) oC day node -1 in 2004/2005 (a dry year), and 50.7 (48.1 - 53.9) oC day node-1 in 2005/2006 (a wet year), respectively. These results and the fact that the plastochron of the CD 205 cultivar, used in both years, was also greater in the driest year indicate environmental (soil water deficit) effect on the plastochron.

Influência do fenômeno El Niño na erosividade das chuvas na região de Santa Maria (RS)

O fenomeno El Nino Oscilacao Sul (ENOS) altera o tempo e o clima em varios locais, provocando alteracoes na circulacao atmosferica que afetam os elementos meteorologicos e climaticos, principalmente a chuva, nas diferentes regioes do Brasil. Na regiao Sul do Pais, em anos de El Nino, fase positiva do fenomeno, a chuva e frequentemente acima da normal, e, em anos de La Nina, fase negativa do fenomeno, a chuva e frequentemente abaixo da normal. Algumas caracteristicas das chuvas sao alteradas pelo ENOS, como a frequencia de ocorrencia, a intensidade e a quantidade. Essas caracteristicas sao importantes para a definicao das chuvas erosivas. Entre os metodos de determinacao da erosividade das chuvas, o indice de erosividade EI30 e o mais usado no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e associar o indice de erosividade EI30 com o fenomeno ENOS para a regiao de Santa Maria, RS. Usaram-se os dados diarios de chuva registrados em pluviogramas a partir de 1o de julho de 1978 a 30 de junho de 2008, coletados na Estacao Climatologica Principal de Santa Maria, RS. As chuvas individuais e erosivas foram identificadas nos pluviogramas, classificadas em anos de El Nino, La Nina e Neutros, e foi calculado o seu indice EI30. Foi realizada a analise de correlacao de Pearson e analise de regressao entre o EI30 e o Indice Oceânico do Nino (ION). A significância da regressao foi testada com o teste t, a fim de quantificar a associacao entre as duas variaveis, com vistas a possivel previsibilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas a partir de anomalias de Temperatura da Superficie do Mar (TSM) no oceano Pacifico. Tambem foram classificadas as chuvas em padroes Avancado, Intermediario e Atrasado. O potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria e afetado pelo fenomeno ENOS, de modo que maior numero de chuvas tem maior potencial erosivo em anos de El Nino e em anos Neutros. A variabilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria e maior nos anos Neutros do que nos anos de anomalia da TSM. O padrao das chuvas e alterado em anos de anomalia da TSM, no sentido de que nos anos de El Nino ha aumento nas chuvas de padrao avancado e em anos de La Nina ha aumento nas chuvas de padrao atrasado; no padrao intermediario, ha diminuicao do numero de chuvas em anos de El Nino e La Nina, em comparacao com anos Neutros. A capacidade preditiva do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria pelo indice ION e fraca.

Variabilidade interdecadal na série secular de temperatura do ar em Santa Maria, RS

The objective of this work was to verify possible associations between the interdecadal variability of minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) daily air temperatures and daily thermal range (DTR) in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Daily Tmin and Tmax values, from January 1912 to December 2009, and the monthly values of the PDO index during the same period were used. There is association between the interdecadal variability of Tmin, Tmax, and DTR with the PDO in this location. There was a decrease in Tmin and Tmax, during the 1947-1976 cold phase of the PDO. In the two PDOs warm phases, 1925-1946 and 1977-1998, there was an increase in Tmin during the first period and in Tmax during the second period. There was a reduction in DTR during the 1947-1976 cold phase of the PDO, due to a reduction of average Tmax and maximum Tmax. There was an increase in DTR in the first semester during the current (1999-2009) cold phase of the PDO, due to a decrease in average Tmin. These warming and cooling cycles, on the decadal time scale, may help in defining adaptation and mitigating strategies in agriculture through plant breeding and the development of cultivars tolerant to such temperature oscillations.

Aquecimento global: efeitos no crescimento, no desenvolvimento e na produtividade de batata

The concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, mainly the CO2, has increased in the last decades due to anthropogenic activities. The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased from about 280 parts per million per volume (ppmv) in the pre-industrial period to the currently 380ppmv concentration. There are reports that during the XX century global average temperature increased 0.6±(0.2)°C and projections indicate a possible 1.1 to 6.4°C increase in temperature by the end of the XXI century, depending upon each region. The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and air temperature directly affect plant physiological processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration, which may affect crops performance, including potato. The objective of this review was to assemble information from the literature on the possible effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and air temperature on growth, development and yield of potato. In general, the increase in CO2 concentration followed by an increase in air temperature will result in lower growth, reduction in the duration of the developmental cycle, lower yield and increase of potato diseases. A strategy to minimize the effects of a possible global warming on potato would be to develop cultivars that are tolerant to high temperatures, adapt planting time in each location, change management practices and even, expand growing areas to colder regions.

Soma térmica de algumas fases do ciclo de desenvolvimentoda escala de counce para cultivares sul-brasileirasde arroz irrigado

The COUNCE scale is a developmental scale recently proposed for rice and that is being used in Brazil. However, the duration of developmental phases of this scale in degree-days is not available for Brazilian irrigated rice cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the thermal time of some developmental phases of the COUNCE scale in irrigated rice cultivars grown in Southern Brazil using different calculation methods and cardinal temperatures throughout the crop cycle. A field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, during two years (2003/2004 and 2004/2005), with five sowing dates in each growing season. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Each replication was a 12-liter pot with 10 plants. The cultivars used were IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM, and EPAGRI 109. The date of R2 (colar of the flag leaf visible) and R9 (all grains with brown hulls) stages of the COUNCE scale were recorded on the main culm of five tagged plants per pot. Using the cardinal temperatures of 11 °C, 28 °C, and 40 °C, the thermal time of the emergence-R2 phase was 700-800 °C day for the very early cultivar, 1000-1400 °C day for early cultivars and 1300-1700 °C day for intermediate and late cultivars, and the thermal time of the R2-R9 phase was 400-700 °C day with no relationship with the developmental cycle of the cultivar.

Relationship between panicle differentiation and main stem leaf number in rice genotypes and red rice biotypes

Panicle differentiation (DP) is a key developmental stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) because at this stage plant switches from vegetative to reproductive development and source-sink relation changes to allocate part of the photoassimilates for growing spikelets and kernels. The objective of this study was to determine the main stem Haun Stage (HS) and the number of leaves that still have to emerge until flag leaf at PD in several cultivated rice genotypes and red rice biotypes in different sowing dates. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons, and three sowing dates each year. Nine cultivated rice genotypes and two red rice biotypes were used. PD was identified as the R1 stage of the COUNCE scale, by sampling four plants from each genotype on a daily basis. When 50% of the sampled plants were at R1, the main stem HS was measured in 20 plants per genotype. The main stem final leaf number (FLN) was measured in these 20 plants when the collar of the flag leaf was visible. HS at PD is related to FLN in many cultivated rice genotypes and red rice biotypes, and that at PD, the number of leaves still to emerge until flag leaf is not constant for all the rice genotypes. These findings are not in agreement with reports in the literature.

Improving node number simulation in soybean

The objective of this study was to improve the simulation of node number in soybean cultivars with determinate stem habits. A nonlinear model considering two approaches to input daily air temperature data (daily mean temperature and daily minimum/maximum air temperatures) was used. The node number on the main stem data of ten soybean cultivars was collected in a three-year field experiment (from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007) at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Node number was simulated using the Soydev model, which has a nonlinear temperature response function [f(T)]. The f(T) was calculated using two methods: using daily mean air temperature calculated as the arithmetic average among daily minimum and maximum air temperatures (Soydevtmean); and calculating an f(T) using minimum air temperature and other using maximum air temperature and then averaging the two f(T)s (Soydevtmm). Root mean square error (RMSE) and deviations (simulated minus observed) were used as statistics to evaluate the performance of the two versions of Soydev. Simulations of node number in soybean were better with the Soydevtmm version, with a 0.5 to 1.4 node RMSE. Node number can be simulated for several soybean cultivars using only one set of model coefficients, with a 0.8 to 2.4 node RMSE.

Temperatura base para emissão de folhas e nós, filocrono e plastocrono das plantas daninhas papuã e corriola

Alexander grass (Brachiaria plantaginea) and Morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) are important weeds in annual crops. The phyllochron (time interval between the appearance of two successive leaves) and the plastochron (time interval between the appearance of successive nodes) are important parameters of plant development. Thermal time is used to express time in the phyllochron and in the plastochron, and in the calculation of thermal time the value of the base temperature is needed. The objective of this study was to estimate the base temperature for leaf and node appearance, the phyllochron and the plastochron for Alexander grass and Morning glory, respectively. Data used in this paper come from an experiment with maize sown in several dates, carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, during the 2005/2006 growing season. Two plants of Alexander grass and two plants of Morning glory were left to grow in each maize plot. The main stem Haun Stage (HS) in Alexander grass and the number of visible nodes in Morning glory were measured on a weekly basis. Using the Mean Square Error (MSE) approach, base temperature was estimated as 3°C for Alexander and 7°C for Morning glory. The phyllochron in Alexander grass varied from 100.1°C day leaf-1 to 142.6°C day leaf-1 as a function of maize sowing date. The plastochron in Morning glory did not vary among maize sowing dates, with an average value of 38.8°C day node-1.