Leosane Cristina Bosco

Duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento de cultivares de arroz em função da emissão de folhas no colmo principal

One of the goals of rice breeding programs in Southern Brazil during the last 40 years was to modify the developmental cycle of the genotypes. In general, the developmental cycle was shortened in order to increase rice competitons with red rice, a main weed in rice pads. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the duration of rice developmental cycle with main stem final leaf number and with main stem leaf appearance rate. A field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, in five sowing dates in two growing seasons (2003/2004 and 2004/2005). Seven rice genotypes varying from very early to late maturation were used: IRGA 421, IRGA 420, IRGA 417, IRGA 416, BRS 7 (TAIM), BR-IRGA 409, EPAGRI 109. Plants were grown in 12 liter pots buried in the soil. In each cultivar and sowing date, the duration, in °C day (Tb=11°C) of emergence (EM) - flag leaf colar appearance (R2) and R2 - physiological maturity (R9) phases, the main stem final leaf number and the phyllochron (time interval between the appearance of two successive leaves) were measured. Each 100°C day increase in the duration of the EM-R2 phase were due to a 0,5 - 0,7 main stem final leaf number increase and each 100°C day increase in the duration of the EM-R2 phase resulted in a 100°C day increase in total cycle EM-R9. These results indicate that the shortening of total developmental cycle (EM-R9) of rice is due to a decrease in main stem final leaf number and not due to change in leaf appearance rate.

Filocrono de genótipos de arroz irrigado em função de época de semeadura

The phyllochron is defined as the time needed for appearance of successive leaves on a culm in plants of the Poaceae family. Using the concept of phyllochron, it is possible to calculate the number of accumulated leaves, which is an excellent parameter to measure the plant development. The objective of this study was to estimate the phyllochron of seven rice cultivars grown in Southern Brazil in five sowing dates in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State. A two-year field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 growing seasons, with five sowing dates each year. Seven rice cultivars recommended for Southern Brazil were used: IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM and EPAGRI 109. The phyllochron (°C day leaf-1) was estimated by the inverse of the slope of the linear regression between main culm number of accumulated leaves (represented by the Haun Stage) and thermal time (base temperature = 11°C) accumulated from plant emergence. Genotype differences are small and can be neglected, but the environment, mainly through sowing date, has a large effect on phyllochron in rice.

Sistema de previsão de ocorrência de requeima em clones de batata suscetíveis e resistentes

Forecasting systems and late blight resistant cultivars are important tools to reduce the amount of fungicides and the production cost of a potato farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Blitecast forecasting system for late blight occurrence and susceptible and resistant potato clones for managing late blight in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria during the Spring 2006 and Autumn 2007. Meteorological data were measured continuously above the crop canopy. Ten treatments were used in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Treatments were different values of accumulated severity, calculated by the Blitecast forecasting system and by the potato clones SMIJ461-1 and SMINIA793101-3, characterized as resistant, and the clone Macaca as susceptible to late blight. The Blitecast forecasting system was not effective for predicting the time of fungicide spraying for the control of late blight and, therefore, to be used in susceptible clones it has to be adjusted. For resistant clones, the fungicide spraying based on the Blitecast system has no effect on late blight occurrence and potato productivity.

O fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul e a variabilidade interanual da evaporação do tanque Classe A e da umidade relativa do ar em Santa Maria, RS

The objective of this study was to associate the interannual variability of Pan evaporation and air relative humidity with the El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO) phenomenon in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Daily data records of Pan evaporation (PAN, mm day-1) and mean daily relative humidity (RH, %) measured in Santa Maria, RS, were used. PAN was measured from 1973 to 2006 and RH was measured from 1969 to 2006. Years were grouped into El Nino (EN) years, La Nina (LN) years, and Neutral (N) years, from July 1st of the year to June 30th of the following year. Results showed that PAN is lower in EN years and greater in LN years. On the other hand, RH was greater in EN years and lower in LN years. The effect of ENSO on PAN is greater in November, December, January, and May, whereas RH is affected by ENSO in October, November, December and May.

Soma térmica de algumas fases do ciclo de desenvolvimentoda escala de counce para cultivares sul-brasileirasde arroz irrigado

The COUNCE scale is a developmental scale recently proposed for rice and that is being used in Brazil. However, the duration of developmental phases of this scale in degree-days is not available for Brazilian irrigated rice cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the thermal time of some developmental phases of the COUNCE scale in irrigated rice cultivars grown in Southern Brazil using different calculation methods and cardinal temperatures throughout the crop cycle. A field experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, during two years (2003/2004 and 2004/2005), with five sowing dates in each growing season. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Each replication was a 12-liter pot with 10 plants. The cultivars used were IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM, and EPAGRI 109. The date of R2 (colar of the flag leaf visible) and R9 (all grains with brown hulls) stages of the COUNCE scale were recorded on the main culm of five tagged plants per pot. Using the cardinal temperatures of 11 °C, 28 °C, and 40 °C, the thermal time of the emergence-R2 phase was 700-800 °C day for the very early cultivar, 1000-1400 °C day for early cultivars and 1300-1700 °C day for intermediate and late cultivars, and the thermal time of the R2-R9 phase was 400-700 °C day with no relationship with the developmental cycle of the cultivar.

Relationship between panicle differentiation and main stem leaf number in rice genotypes and red rice biotypes

Panicle differentiation (DP) is a key developmental stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) because at this stage plant switches from vegetative to reproductive development and source-sink relation changes to allocate part of the photoassimilates for growing spikelets and kernels. The objective of this study was to determine the main stem Haun Stage (HS) and the number of leaves that still have to emerge until flag leaf at PD in several cultivated rice genotypes and red rice biotypes in different sowing dates. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons, and three sowing dates each year. Nine cultivated rice genotypes and two red rice biotypes were used. PD was identified as the R1 stage of the COUNCE scale, by sampling four plants from each genotype on a daily basis. When 50% of the sampled plants were at R1, the main stem HS was measured in 20 plants per genotype. The main stem final leaf number (FLN) was measured in these 20 plants when the collar of the flag leaf was visible. HS at PD is related to FLN in many cultivated rice genotypes and red rice biotypes, and that at PD, the number of leaves still to emerge until flag leaf is not constant for all the rice genotypes. These findings are not in agreement with reports in the literature.

Modelagem da emissão de folhas em arroz cultivado e em arroz-vermelho

The objective of this work was to simulate leaf appearance in cultivated rice genotypes and in red rice biotypes, by adapting the Wang and Engel model modified by Streck et al. Two experiments were conducted in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 growing seasons. Cultivars IRGA 417 and EEA 406, one hybrid, and two red rice biotypes were used. The leaf appearance model was adjusted, using Haun Stage (HS) data from five sowing dates of 2004/2005 growing season, and the model evaluation was performed using HS data from three sowing dates of 2005/2006 growing season. A numerical experiment was also carried out using temperature data occurred during 2003/2004 and 2006/2007 growing seasons, and simulated HS of the cultivated rice genotypes was compared with the red rice biotypes. The model had a good performance, with a root mean square error usually less than one leaf. Main stem leaf emergence was greater in modern genotypes IRGA 417 and hybrid than in the old genotype EEA 406. Leaf emergence is different among distinct red rice biotypes.

Growth and developmental of red and pad rice genotypes

The characterization growth and development of red rice biotypes may help controll strategies, the enhancement of competitiveness of cultivated rice with this weed and breeding programs. The objective of this is study was to quantity some growth and development parameters of two red rice biotypes as compared to irrigated genotypes. A field experiment was carried out at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2004/2005 growing season with five sowing dates. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replication in a two factorial arrangement (genotypes and sowing dates). The experimental unity was a 12 L pot with 10 plants. The genotypes used were: IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM, EPAGRI 109, EEA 406, a hybrid, and two red rice biotypes (awned yellowhull-AVCAA, and awned blackhull-AVCPA). The date of major developmental stages in the COUNCE scale, leaf area, panicle length, plant height, phyllochron, main culm final leaf number, and tillering were measured in five plants per pot. Red rice biotypes usually had an intermediate developmental cycle compared to cultivated rice genotypes, with AVCAA having a longer cycle than AVCPA. Red rice biotypes had greater leaf area, greater height, greater panicle length and greater phyllochron, than modern rice genotypes. Tillering of red rice varied according to the sowing date.

Produtividade da batata em função da irrigação e do controle químico da requeima

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of irrigation and chemical control on yield and occurrence of Late Blight in potato cv. Asterix, at Santa Maria - RS. Two experiments were conducted at the Crop Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria. One experiment was carried out during spring-summer, 2005/2006 and the second, during fall 2006. The experimental design was a complete randomized, with four replications. The Blitecast model was used to indicate the timing of spraying, by accumulating severity values (VS). Sprinkler irrigation was used corresponding to 1.0, 0.75, 0.50 ETm and no irrigation. Results showed that in dry and high temperature periods, yield was affected by irrigation, mainly when crop water demand was supplied with 100% ETm. During wet periods, yield was affected by the efficient control of Late Blight. The Blitecast model with a severity value of 18 (Bli18) was the most efficient for controlling the disease. Irrigations applied at least every three days did not affect Late Blight incidence and development.

Sistemas de previsão de requeima em cultivos de batata em Santa Maria, RS

The forecast systems are an alternative to the efficient control of late blight potatoes and consequent reduction in the amount of fungicide and thereby reduce production costs and environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate forecast systems, Blitecast and Prophy, for late blight occurrence in Macaca potato cultivar in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The experiments were carried out during Spring 2006 and Autumn 2007 with the Macaca cultivar characterized as susceptible to late blight. Meteorological data were collected at the center of the experimental area with an automatic station and with psicrometers installed at different heights. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Treatments were differentiated by using accumulated values of severity, which were calculated by the Blitecast and Prophy forecasting systems. The values of severity accumulated had the purpose of indicating the time of fungicide application for late blight control. The use of the forecast system of late blight, Prophy, with accumulation of 15, 20 or 25 values of severity, and system Blitecast with 24 accumulated severity for a potato susceptible genotype, Macaca, reduces the number of applications of fungicides without affecting productivity.