Gourish M. Naik

Thermistors – in search of new applications, manufacturers cultivate advanced NTC techniques

As leading sensors of ambient conditions, temperature sensors act as important sensing devices. They are essential in a large variety of products. A variety of temperature sensors is available on the market to meet specific application needs. The most common include thermocouples, resistive temperature detectors (RTD), thermistors, and silicon‐based sensors. But of all of these temperature sensors, the thermistor is the only one that holds the esteemed position owing to its high sensitivity, accuracy and low cost. Temperature measurement systems utilizing thermistors are less expensive to produce because few additional components are required, especially in the present era of embedded systems. With the recent advances in manufacturing techniques, the drawbacks of conventional thermistors, like aging, interchangeability, unreliability etc., are almost eliminated. Booming demand for DVD players and portable communication appliances have pushed up the popularity of NTC thermistors. This article reviews the latest trends in thermistor manufacturing and the associated applications.

Exploring C for Microcontrollers

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents Foreword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1

Noninvasive glucometer model using partial least square regression technique for human blood matrix

In this article, we have highlighted the partial least square regression (PLSR) model to predict the glucose level in human blood by considering only five variants. The PLSR model is experimentally validated for the 13 templates samples. The root mean square error analysis of design model and experimental sample is found to be satisfactory with the values of 3.459 and 5.543, respectively. In PLSR templates design is a critical issue for the number of variants participating in the model. Ensemble consisting of five major variants is simulated to replicate the signatures of these constituents in the human blood, i.e., alanine, urea, lactate, glucose, and ascorbate. Multivariate system using PLSR plays important role in understanding chemometrics of such ensemble. The resultant spectra of all these constituents are generated to create templates for the PLSR model. This model has potential scope in designing a near-infrared spectroscopy based noninvasive glucometer.

Extended multi-spectral face recognition across two different age groups: an empirical study

Face recognition has attained a greater importance in bio-metric authentication due to its non-intrusive property of identifying individuals at varying stand-off distance. Face recognition based on multi-spectral imaging has recently gained prime importance due to its ability to capture spatial and spectral information across the spectrum. Our first contribution in this paper is to use extended multi-spectral face recognition in two different age groups. The second contribution is to show empirically the performance of face recognition for two age groups. Thus, in this paper, we developed a multi-spectral imaging sensor to capture facial database for two different age groups (≤ 15years and ≥ 20years) at nine different spectral bands covering 530nm to 1000nm range. We then collected a new facial images corresponding to two different age groups comprises of 168 individuals. Extensive experimental evaluation is performed independently on two different age group databases using four different state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms. We evaluate the verification and identification rate across individual spectral bands and fused spectral band for two age groups. The obtained evaluation results shows higher recognition rate for age groups ≥ 20years than ≤ 15years, which indicates the variation in face recognition across the different age groups.

Performance Analysis of Gigabit Ethernet Standard for Various Physical Media Using Triple Speed Ethernet IP Core on FPGA

Gigabit Ethernet Standard provides 1 Gbps bandwidth and is backward compatible with 10 Mbps (Ethernet) and 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). It can also be installed with lower cost than other technologies having similar speed. The performance studies of Gigabit Ethernet is more complex than Ethernet or Fast Ethernet protocols. In this paper we have described the implementation of Gigabit Ethernet design on FPGA using Altera’s Triple Speed Ethernet IP Core. The performance analysis of Gigabit Ethernet Standard has been studied using various physical media. This analysis includes performance measurements with different number of frames and frame lengths.

Electrode positioning for monitoring Fetal ECG: A review

Monitoring of maternal electrocardiogram (MECG) and Fetal ECG (FECG) can detect fetal asphyxia early in the evolution to acidosis. The MECG recorded from the maternal abdominal surface of a pregnant woman is a composite of MECG, FECG, Electromyogram (EMG), power line interference, baseline drift, motion artifact and electrode contact noise. Various electrodes can be placed on the surface of the maternal abdominal so as to obtain higher SNRs which will further enable to monitor FECG using a proper algorithm. In this paper, various electrode placement configurations are compared and reviewed based on the number of electrodes or leads placed on the maternal abdomen, filter design parameters, number of subjects with their record details, gestation periods and the methods used to extract FECG.

Reliable and Scalable Architecture for Internet of Things for Sensors Using Soft-Core Processor

With significant technological developments as well as advances in sensors, wireless communications and Internet – a lot of research areas have emerged, such as wearable computing, context-aware homes, mobile phone sensing and smart vehicle systems. From those emerging areas, there is a clear trend to augment the physical devices/objects with sensing, computing & communication capabilities, connect them together to form a network and make use of the collective effect of networked smart things − the Internet of Things(IoT). This paper proposes the IoT architecture “Kaivalyam” for sensors/actuator. The configurable interface generates the identity of the ‘Thing’ and stores in 32-bit datagram. The various configuration of the 32-bit datagram from 4,8,12 and 16-bit device data and respective 14, 12, 10 and 8-bits duplicate identifier can scale the number of devices connected to design platform. These datagram’s read into FIFO of the Triple Speed Ethernet (TSE) for transmission using Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder. Simulation studies for the system were performed for block length 512 bits, which is the minimum Ethernet frame length of 64 bytes. AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) is introduced in the channel and BER(Bit Error Rate) is computed for different (1dB to 6dB) SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) showing BER of 10-4 -4 to 10-5 can be achieved for SNR of 2.5 dB indicating the secured and reliable data transmission.

Configurable CRC Error Detection Model for Performance Analysis of Polynomial: Case Study for the 32-Bits Ethernet Protocol

Almost every form of digital information exchange can introduce communication errors. In order to overcome the inherent inaccuracy of information transmission, a few methods for error detection and correction have been developed. Cyclic Redundancy check Codes (CRCs) are used in embedded networks for effective error detection. Paper discusses the development of the simulation model for the configurable CRC-polynomials performance analysis over Binary Symmetric Channels (BSCs). This paper presents a novel model which can be used to investigate several classes of CRC polynomials codes with ‘n’ parity bits varying from ‘1’ to ‘64’. It also discuss the hardware implementation on Altera’s FPGA Stratix II GX device ‘EP2SGX90FF1508C3’ for CRC-32 ‘IEEE-802’ and suggest the indirect methodology of CRC-performance using Packet Error Rate (PER) parameter using Altera TSE MegaCore function that supports 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet over 1000Base-LX physical media. It is proposed to search good CRC codes of 32, 40 and 64 bit and studying performance for maximum payload over Ethernet protocol.

RF spectroscopy technique for soil nutrient analysis

The manuscript describes RF Spectroscopy approach to determine the nutrients in the soil. Two different soil nutrients namely urea and potash are considered in this study. In order to obtain the frequency spectra of each of the soil nutrient a cell is designed, which is well shielded from external electromagnetic interferences and has a capability of giving a steady response for a given soil nutrient. The RF responses of each of the nutrients with different concentrations in the range of 10MHz-4.4GHz are obtained using a signal generator and a spectrum analyzer. The results obtained show that at specific frequencies, the RF response of the soil nutrient under study changes in accordance with the changes in the concentration of the soil component and at other frequencies, it shows a flat response. Since the response varies in accordance with the concentration, these results can be used for the prediction of an unknown concentration of a nutrient using a multivariate analysis technique based on the PLSR model, where different concentrations of the nutrients are used as variables.

Human tissue diagnostics for physiological information using Hyperspectral Image model

Hyperspectral imaging is a novel technology for obtaining both spatial and spectral information in the area of aerospace and military industries for last 20 years. The multifusion, multispectral, hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging can provide both anatomical and physiological or metabolic information; it can play an important role in the development of molecular imaging technologies with enhanced specificity and sensitivity, capable of identifying the presence versus absence of cancer, detection of margins, stage, distribution, and type of cancer, but most importantly, techniques capable of assessing the progress of the disease and its response to treatment. Hyperspectral Image modeling provides practical alternatives for the field measurements in human tissue sample due to sample coupling problems and heavy absorption due to protein and water in UV and NIR regions respectively in the region of therapeutic window. In this paper we have proposed the Lorentz Oscillators techniques to generate the multivariate signal for a pixel signature over spectrum channel of interest. The model has been demonstrated to synthesize the image with proper signature for the pixel. The spectra having customized signatures are generated using proper values of the central frequency, Strength of Oscillators and Width of oscillators. These models can be customized for the specific vision under observation and serialized for the quality, intrusion or diagnostics using pattern recognition principle for both anatomical and physiological information in human tissue.