Grazielle Dias da Silva

Ciclosporina versus tacrolimus no transplante renal no Brasil: uma comparação de custos

In Brazil, the Unified National Health System (SUS) is responsible for the majority of kidney transplants. To maintain these interventions, the guidelines recommend the use of cyclosporine or tacrolimus, associated with corticosteroids and azathioprine or mycophenolate. Taking the perspective of the National Health System, an economic analysis was performed on the outpatient and hospital resources and medicines used by patient and therapeutic group. A cohort was constructed from 2000 to 2004, with 5,174 kidney transplant patients in use of cyclosporine or tacrolimus, identified by probabilistic record linkage from the National Health System. The cohort included 4,015 patients in use of cyclosporine and 1,159 using tacrolimus. The majority were males, age < 38 years, with nephritis, cardiovascular diseases, and indeterminate causes as the most frequent primary diagnoses. After 48 months of follow-up, the expenditures were higher for kidney transplants in hospitals in the Northeast, cadaver donors, patients in dialysis > 24 months before the transplant, and in the tacrolimus group. Total hospital and outpatient costs and expenditure on medication were higher in patients on tacrolimus as compared to the cyclosporine group.

Cyclosporine Versus Tacrolimus in Immunosuppressive Maintenance Regimens in Renal Transplants in Brazil: Survival Analysis from 2000 to 2004

BACKGROUND In Brazil, the National Health System (SUS) is responsible for almost all renal transplants. SUS protocols recommend using cyclosporine, in association with azathioprine and corticosteroids, to maintain the immunosuppression that is essential for successful renal transplant. Alternatively, cyclosporine can be replaced by tacrolimus. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic schema involving cyclosporine or tacrolimus after renal transplant during a 60-month follow-up period. METHODS A historical cohort study, from 2000 to 2004, was conducted using 5686 patients who underwent renal transplant and received cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Uni - and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox model to examine factors associated with progression to treatment failure. RESULTS Most of the patients were male, aged 38 years or older, for whom the most frequent primary diagnosis of chronic renal failure (CRF) was glomerulonephritis/nephritis. Higher risk of treatment failure was associated with: therapeutic regimen (tacrolimus, HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.67), patient age at transplantation (additional year, HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02), donor type (deceased, HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.89), median time of dialysis prior to transplantation (>24 mo, HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.52), and primary CRF diagnosis (diabetes, HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.17). CONCLUSIONS The risk of treatment failure of patients receiving tacrolimus was observed to be 1.38 times that of those receiving cyclosporine, after adjusting the model for possible confounding factors such as patient sex, patient age, graft origin, prior time of dialysis, and cause of CRF. Our results were obtained from an observational study, and further studies are necessary to evaluate whether compliance with SUS clinical protocols could result in more effective care for renal transplant recipients.

Perfil demográfico e epidemiológico dos usuários de medicamentos de alto custo no Sistema Único de Saúde

The Program for High-Cost Medicines of the Brazilian Health Ministry was set up to respond to the demand for high unit-cost medication or for medication used for chronic diseases that imply a high overall cost for treatment. To describe the epidemiological and demographic profiles of patients enrolled in the program, a probabilistic-deterministic connection was made between data in sections of the Health Ministrys databases (DATASUS), namely, the Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). The cohort formed by linking databases identified 611,419 individuals who began treatment between 2000 and 2004. The analyses were disaggregated by sex, region of residence, diagnoses and most widely used drugs.The construction of this historical cohort made possible a description of the epidemiological characteristics and drugs used by the programs users. The database generated can also provide analyses for specific diseases, with results that can contribute to evaluations of effectiveness and efficiency of clinical protocols, in order to better inform decision-makers regarding the planning and supplying of high-cost medication by the Brazilian Health Ministry.The Program for High-Cost Medicines of the Brazilian Health Ministry was set up to respond to the demand for high unit-cost medication or for medication used for chronic diseases that imply a high overall cost for treatment. To describe the epidemiological and demographic profiles of patients enrolled in the program, a probabilistic-deterministic connection was made between data in sections of the Health Ministry’s databases (DATASUS), namely, the Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). The cohort formed by linking databases identified 611,419 individuals who began treatment between 2000 and 2004. The analyses were disaggregated by sex, region of residence, diagnoses and most widely used drugs.The construction of this historical cohort made possible a description of the epidemiological characteristics and drugs used by the program’s users. The database generated can also provide analyses for specific diseases, with results that can contribute to evaluations of effectiveness and efficiency of clinical protocols, in order to better inform decision-makers regarding the planning and supplying of high-cost medication by the Brazilian Health Ministry.

Perfil de utilização de medicamentos por indivíduos com hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus em municípios da Rede Farmácia de Minas

This article analyzes the use of medicines by individuals with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus who received their medication through a public network of pharmacies, with a particular emphasis on gender differences. During the first two months of 2010, individuals with hypertension and/or diabetes were interviewed in half of the 64 municipalities (counties) participating in the Minas Gerais Pharmacy Network. Mean age of the 4,777 interviewees was 60.9 years, which may have contributed to the high mean number of medicines used (4.0 among women and 3.5 among men). The most frequently used drugs were those acting on the cardiovascular system (56.3%), alimentary tract and metabolism (14.9%), and nervous system (13.8%), consistent with the samples epidemiological profile. Women and more elderly individuals tended to use more medicines. The findings show high expenditures on medicines by the interviewees and suggest the design of educational activities targeting rational use of medication.

Cyclosporine versus tacrolimus: cost-effectiveness analysis for renal transplantation in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the cost-effectiveness of treatment regimens with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, five years after renal transplantation. METHODS This cost-effectiveness analysis was based on historical cohort data obtained between 2000 and 2004 and involved 2,022 patients treated with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, matched 1:1 for gender, age, and type and year of transplantation. Graft survival and the direct costs of medical care obtained from the National Health System (SUS) databases were used as outcome results. RESULTS Most of the patients were women, with a mean age of 36.6 years. The most frequent diagnosis of chronic renal failure was glomerulonephritis/nephritis (27.7%). In five years, the tacrolimus group had an average life expectancy gain of 3.96 years at an annual cost of R

Efficacy of interferon (conventional, pegylated) and lamivudine for treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review

78,360.57 compared with the cyclosporine group with a gain of 4.05 years and an annual cost of R

Perfil de gastos com o tratamento da Artrite Reumatoide para pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde em Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2008 a 2013

61,350.44. CONCLUSIONS After matching, the study indicated better survival of patients treated with regimens using tacrolimus. However, regimens containing cyclosporine were more cost-effective.

Perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de los usuarios de medicamentos de costo elevado en el Sistema Único de Salud

Chronic hepatitis B is considered a major public health problem, and its treatment entails increasing health budget expenses with high-cost drugs covered by Unified National Health System. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of interferon (conventional; pegylated - PEG2a) and lamivudine (LAM) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B through a systematic review, selecting randomized, controlled clinical trials identified in PubMed and LILACS. Target outcomes were virological, biochemical, and histological response, seroconversion, and adverse effects. The review selected 35 articles. Presence or absence of HBeAg and pre-treatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were considered important factors in the initial therapeutic indication. Treatment with conventional interferon enables lasting disease inactivation and can result in HBsAg seroconversion. PEG2a showed better efficacy than interferon and LAM and similar side effects to interferon. LAM presents advantages such as its sensitivity in the HbeAg-negative phenotype, while its main disadvantage is the development of resistance.A hepatite cronica B constitui um grave problema de saude publica e vem demonstrando crescentes gastos com financiamento de medicamentos de dispensacao em carater excepcional e de alto custo no Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS). O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a eficacia do interferon (convencional; peguilado - PEG2a) e lamivudina (LAM) para o tratamento da hepatite cronica B, pelo metodo de revisao sistematica selecionando ensaios clinicos randomizados e controlados identificados nas bases PubMed e LILACS. As medidas de resultado consideradas foram resposta virologica, soroconversao, resposta bioquimica, resposta histologica e efeitos adversos. Foram selecionados 35 artigos. A presenca ou ausencia do HBeAg e os niveis de alanina amino transferase (ALT) no pre-tratamento demonstraram papel fundamental na indicacao terapeutica inicial. O tratamento com interferons convencionais permite a inativacao da doenca por longos periodos de tempo, podendo resultar em soroconversao HBsAg. O PEG 2a demonstrou eficacia superior ao interferon e LAM e efeitos colaterais semelhantes ao interferon. A LAM apresenta vantagem de ser sensivel para os pacientes HBeAg negativo e apresenta como maior desvantagem o desenvolvimento de resistencia.

Epidemiological profile of high cost medicines users in the Brazilian Health System

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic condition that affects about 1% of the adult population. In a historical cohort of Minas Gerais State, 11,573 RA patients registered in the Outpatient Information System (SIA) between 2008 and 2013 were identified. For this study we adopted the public funding bodys perspective and the values were adjusted by the national inflation index (IPCA) of December 2015. Etanercept was the most expensive treatment. The mean cohort age was 52 years old and most of the patients were women. Multiple regression analysis indicated a negative association between higher expenditure and age, female sex, and diagnosis at entry in the cohort and positive association between high expenditure and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the municipality and use of tumor necrosis factor agents. This study identified the factors that have an impact on RA drug treatment expenditure. Also, we showed that methods that enable extracting demographic and expenditure data of administrative information systems may represent important tools in the construction of economic studies to subsidize economic health evaluations, especially from the standpoint of the managers.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic condition that affects about 1% of the adult population. In a historical cohort of Minas Gerais State, 11,573 RA patients registered in the Outpatient Information System (SIA) between 2008 and 2013 were identified. For this study we adopted the public funding bodys perspective and the values were adjusted by the national inflation index (IPCA) of December 2015. Etanercept was the most expensive treatment. The mean cohort age was 52 years old and most of the patients were women. Multiple regression analysis indicated a negative association between higher expenditure and age, female sex, and diagnosis at entry in the cohort and positive association between high expenditure and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the municipality and use of tumor necrosis factor agents. This study identified the factors that have an impact on RA drug treatment expenditure. Also, we showed that methods that enable extracting demographic and expenditure data of administrative information systems may represent important tools in the construction of economic studies to subsidize economic health evaluations, especially from the standpoint of the managers.

Gastos do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil com Medicamentos de Alto Custo: Uma Análise Centrada no Paciente

The Program for High-Cost Medicines of the Brazilian Health Ministry was set up to respond to the demand for high unit-cost medication or for medication used for chronic diseases that imply a high overall cost for treatment. To describe the epidemiological and demographic profiles of patients enrolled in the program, a probabilistic-deterministic connection was made between data in sections of the Health Ministrys databases (DATASUS), namely, the Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). The cohort formed by linking databases identified 611,419 individuals who began treatment between 2000 and 2004. The analyses were disaggregated by sex, region of residence, diagnoses and most widely used drugs.The construction of this historical cohort made possible a description of the epidemiological characteristics and drugs used by the programs users. The database generated can also provide analyses for specific diseases, with results that can contribute to evaluations of effectiveness and efficiency of clinical protocols, in order to better inform decision-makers regarding the planning and supplying of high-cost medication by the Brazilian Health Ministry.The Program for High-Cost Medicines of the Brazilian Health Ministry was set up to respond to the demand for high unit-cost medication or for medication used for chronic diseases that imply a high overall cost for treatment. To describe the epidemiological and demographic profiles of patients enrolled in the program, a probabilistic-deterministic connection was made between data in sections of the Health Ministry’s databases (DATASUS), namely, the Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). The cohort formed by linking databases identified 611,419 individuals who began treatment between 2000 and 2004. The analyses were disaggregated by sex, region of residence, diagnoses and most widely used drugs.The construction of this historical cohort made possible a description of the epidemiological characteristics and drugs used by the program’s users. The database generated can also provide analyses for specific diseases, with results that can contribute to evaluations of effectiveness and efficiency of clinical protocols, in order to better inform decision-makers regarding the planning and supplying of high-cost medication by the Brazilian Health Ministry.