Gregory E. Everett

An empirical investigation of time-out with and without escape extinction to treat escape-maintained noncompliance.

The present study evaluates the effectiveness of two time-out (TO) procedures in reducing escape-maintained noncompliance of 4 children. Noncompliant behavioral function was established via a functional assessment (FA), including indirect and direct descriptive procedures and brief confirmatory experimental analyses. Following FA, parents were taught to consequate noncompliance with two different TO procedures, one without and one with escape extinction following TO release. Although results indicate TO without escape extinction is effective in increasing compliance above baseline levels, more optimal levels of compliance were obtained for all 4 children when escape extinction was added to the TO procedures already in place. Results indicate efficacy of TO with escape extinction when applied to escape-maintained noncompliance and are discussed as an initial example of the successful application of TO to behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement.

Targeting Reading Fluency Through Brief Experimental Analysis and Parental Intervention Over the Summer

Although past research has examined repeated reading (RR) and listening passage preview (LPP) in great detail, several issues related to their applied usage with individual students remain. Questions including the number of times students are required to engage with the instructional materials during treatment and tracking fluency gains on untrained probes become important during individualized intervention. In addition, most RR and LPP work has been conducted by school personnel during the academic year rather than by parents over the summer months. As such, the current study used brief experimental analysis to identify the most effective number of RR or LPP implementations for two second graders, which was then employed by each childs mother during the summer months. Progress monitoring included tracking fluency gains on untrained AIMSweb probes. Results indicated both increased correct words per minute during intervention and maintenance at 6-week follow-up and are discussed in terms of applied decision making for individual students.

Time-out with Parents: A Descriptive Analysis of 30 Years of Research

The current data-based review encompasses 30 years of research involving parental use of time-out (TO). Although extensively researched for decades, parental usage of TO continues to vary widely across a number of procedural variables. As such, the current review provides descriptive data for 40 articles published between 1977 and 2007 along both participant-related and TO procedural variables. Although results indicate wide parental usage of TO as a behavior management strategy, the application of specific procedural variables remains diverse and often unable to be ascertained. Based on current data, the review also includes specific practitioner recommendations and cautions in easily accessible bulleted form related to parental use of TO.

An Investigation of the Look-Ask-Pick Mnemonic to Improve Fraction Skills

Abstract The current study evaluated the effects of the Look-Ask-Pick (LAP) mnemonic on the addition and subtraction of fraction skills of 3 general education sixth graders. Following identification of fraction skill deficits, participants were taught to add and subtract fractions with like denominators, unlike denominators where one divides evenly into the other, and unlike denominators where one does not divide evenly into the other. Using a concurrent multiple baseline across participants design, results indicated increases in both percent problems correct and digits correct per minute for all participants during the LAP intervention. Gains were also sustained at 3-week maintenance. Results are discussed in terms of extending previous LAP mnemonic usage.

Etiology and Relationships to Developmental Disabilities and Psychopathology

This chapter reviews a variety of developmental disabilities and psychological disorders that children experience, first describing the relevant symptoms of these disorders and second attempting to understand how social skills are related to the disorder. One theme throughout this chapter is the question of whether social skills deficits can be understood etiologically or whether these deficits are rather a behavioral consequence of a disorder. Specifically, social skills deficits are often either a diagnostic criterion of a particular disorder or a direct consequence of the disorder itself (or both). As such, the social skills deficits co-occur with the disorder. However, in some cases there is evidence to suggest that a prior social skills deficit precedes the manifestation of the disorder and therefore is part of the etiology of the disorder. This is similar to the perennial chicken and the egg question but reframed as, which came first, the disorder or the social skills deficit?

Measuring Change During Behavioral Parent Training Using the Parent Instruction-Giving Game with Youngsters (PIGGY): A Clinical Replication

This is the second study to investigate the clinical use of the Parent-Instruction Game with Youngsters (PIGGY) which is a structured observation system derived from the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System II (DPICS-II; Eyberg, Bessmer, Newcomb, Edwards, & Robinson, 1994) and the Behavior Coding System (BCS; Forehand & McMahon, 1981). In a previous study, the PIGGY demonstrated strong reliability and validity as well as clinical utility (Hupp, Reitman, Forde, Shriver, & Kelley, 2008). The present study is a replication of the previous research on clinical utility by using the PIGGY to monitor changes in parent and child behavior during and after behavioral parent training.