Guilherme Nunes de Souza

Retail Survey of Brazilian Milk and Minas Frescal Cheese and a Contaminated Dairy Plant To Establish Prevalence, Relatedness, and Sources of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates

ABSTRACT A study was designed to recover Listeria monocytogenes from pasteurized milk and Minas frescal cheese (MFC) sampled at retail establishments (REs) and to identify the contamination source(s) of these products in the corresponding dairy processing plant. Fifty milk samples (9 brands) and 55 MFC samples (10 brands) were tested from REs located in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. All milk samples and 45 samples from 9 of 10 MFC brands tested negative for L. monocytogenes; however, “brand F” of MFC obtained from REs 119 and 159 tested positive. Thus, the farm/plant that produced brand F MFC was sampled; all samples from the milking parlor tested negative for L. monocytogenes, whereas several sites within the processing plant and the MFC samples tested positive. All 344 isolates recovered from retail MFC, plant F MFC, and plant F environmental samples were serotype 1/2a and displayed the same AscI or ApaI fingerprints. Since these results established that the storage coolers served as the contamination source of the MFC, plant F was closed so that corrective renovations could be made. Following renovation, samples from sites that previously tested positive for the pathogen were collected from the processing environment and from MFC on multiple visits; all tested negative for L. monocytogenes. In addition, on subsequent visits to REs 159 and 119, all MFC samples tested negative for the pathogen. Studies are ongoing to quantify the prevalence, levels, and types of L. monocytogenes in MFC and associated processing plants to lessen the likelihood of listeriosis in Brazil.

Qualidade microbiológica do leite refrigerado nas fazendas

Avaliaram-se a qualidade microbiologica do leite obtido mecanicamente e refrigerado durante 48 horas, em 24 rebanhos, e a associacao entre a contaminacao microbiana e os procedimentos de higienizacao dos equipamentos de ordenha e armazenamento do leite. Os procedimentos de higiene foram avaliados in loco com auxilio de questionarios. Foram realizadas a contagem padrao em placas, a contagem de coliformes totais e a pesquisa de Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus agalactiae. No leite de 14 rebanhos, foram pesquisadas Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. As medias geometricas da contagem padrao foram 103 UFC/ml foram verificadas em sete rebanhos. S. aureus e S. agalactiae foram isolados em 22 e 12 dos 24 rebanhos, respectivamente, e nao foram encontradas Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes. O uso de detergentes alcalino e acido, mais o de sanitizante foi associado (P 5×105 UFC/ml.

An association between milk and slime increases biofilm production by bovine Staphylococcus aureus

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is associated with chronic mastitis in cattle, and disease manifestation is usually refractory to antibiotic therapy. Biofilm production is a key element of S. aureus pathogenesis and may contribute to the treatment failure that is consistently reported by veterinarians. Minas Gerais State is the largest milk-producing state in Brazil, and the characterization of bacterial isolates is an important aspect of disease control for dairy farmers. Here, we investigated the potential of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis to produce slime and biofilm in a skim-milk medium and classified the isolates according to their agr type.ResultsSlime was detected using the Congo Red agar (CRA) test in 35.18% (19/54) of the strains; however, 87.04% (47/54) of the strains were considered biofilm-positive based on crystal violet staining. Compared to TSB supplemented with 0.25% glucose, skim milk significantly increased the production of biofilm, but this effect was only observed in slime-producing strains. The bacteria belonged to agr groups I (12/54), II (34/54), III (6/54), and IV (2/54), and bacteria in agr group III were found to be stronger biofilm producers than those in groups I and II. Again, milk had a significant influence only on slime-positive agr I and II isolates, revealing an association between milk and slime.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that skim-milk medium and slime production are two factors that together influence biofilm formation by bovine strains of S. aureus. A predominance of bacteria belonging to agr group II was observed, and bacteria from agr group III showed the highest proportion of biofilm producers. The majority of bacteria characterized in this study formed biofilm in milk, which suggests that biofilm formation has an important role in the virulence of S. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections.

Fatores de risco para mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras

This study was carried out to identify risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCC > 200,000 cells/ml). A total of 2,657 lactating cows from 24 herds in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were included in the study. Each farm was visited three times in an 8-month period from November 2005 to June 2006. At each visit, all milking cows were examined for clinical mastitis by a single observer. A total of 3,987 milk samples were examined for somatic cell counts (SCC). The mean, median, and standard deviation values for SCC were, respectively, 608,000, 219,000, and 967,000 cells/ml. Risk factors for subclinical mastitis were: udder positioned at the same height or below the hock, presence of cracks or fissures in the rubber parts of the milking machine, inadequacy of teat cups, infrequent and unsuitable scheme for cleaning the pulsators, milkers unable to operate the milking equipments, no information about the mastitis pathogens present in the herd, immersion of teat cups in disinfectant solution between milkings, and total insertion of cannula in teats during antibiotic treatment. The high variation of the SCC values (608,000± 967,000 cells/ml) suggests that other factors such as number of infected mammary quarters and pathogens involved could have influenced the results. The used methodology did not allow to identify all risk factors that increase SCC. Therefore, the results can also be used to improve the currently mastitis control programs adopted by those herds.

Variação da contagem de células somáticas em vacas leiteiras de acordo com patógenos da mastite

The influence of mastitis pathogens on variation of milk somatic cell count (SCC) was evaluated. Three thousand nine hundred eighty-seven milk samples were colected from 2,657 dairy cows in 24 herds located in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The milk samples were used to SCC and identification of mastitis pathogens. Descriptive statistics, T test for independent samples, and generalized linear model were used to data analysis. The generalized linear model identified the effects of herd, animal within herd, parity, year season, intramammary infection, and infection caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus spp. except S. agalactiae as significant on SCC variation. The effect of animal within herd was higher than the effect of herd. S. agalactiae was the pathogen responsible for higher SCC increasing and presented the average of 1,520,000 cells/mL. The specific effect on SCC variation was observed in the study.

Fatores de risco associados à alta contagem de células somáticas do leite do tanque em rebanhos leiteiros da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais

Herd features and management practices associated with high bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) were studied in 175 dairy herds enrolled on BMSCC programs. Herds data were obtained from June/2000 to December/2001 by questionnaires application. Herds were classified according to the geometric mean of six consecutive BMSCC records. Exploratory analysis and logistic regression models were the statistical analysis applied. Procedures about mastitis control and prevention were adopted in a few herds. Type of milking (machine or hand milking), herd age, milking place (milking parlour, pen, corral) and strip test practice (first streams of milk) were not associated with high BMSCC. Factors associated with high BMSCC were the following: do not milk clinical mastitic cows at the end of milking, feeding cows at milking and absence of post milking teat disinfection.

Uso de PCR e sequenciamento do rDNA 16S para identificação de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus isoladas de mastite bovina

The objective of this study was to identify the species of 100 isolates of Staphylococcus from mastitis in dairy cows from herds located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. PCR reactions were carried out using specific primers described previously for S. aureus (femA gene), S. intermedius (16S rDNA) and S. hyicus (16S-23S rDNA spacer region). In addition, products of amplification of variable regions of the 16S rDNA gene of the strains were sequenced. According to the results of the PCR, 83 strains were identified as S. aureus, 13 as S. intermedius, two as S. hyicus and two isolates were not identified. The sequencing of 16S rDNA was applied to 23 strains identified by PCR amplifications: six S. aureus and the strains identified as S. intermedius (n=13), S. hyicus (n=2) or not identified (n=2). The sequencing of 16S rDNA confirmed the six strains as S. aureus. The others 17 strains were identified as S. chromogenes (13 isolates) and S. hyicus (four isolates). Each sample was related to a specie according to the smallest E-value and highest similarity (> 99%). The identification of S. hyicus and S. chromogenes was accomplished only by 16S rDNA sequencing.

Emprego do Somacount 300, calibrado com leite de vaca, na contagem de células somáticas no leite de cabra

In this study, there was a comparison of SCC from paired milk samples of 86 goats by the electronic method (Somacount 300) calibrated with cow milk standard, with the pyronin Y-methyl green stain direct microscopic method. The goats were of Saanen and Toggenburg breeds from a farm located at the Zona da Mata of the Minas Gerais State. In addition, was evaluated the effect of Bronopol® on the SCC in goat milk was evaluated. For the unpreserved 86 milk samples, the SCC mean determined with the microscopic method was smaller and differed (p £ 0.05) from that obtained with the Somacount 300 calibrated with cow milk. However, the SCC mean of the 86 milk samples with Bronopol® did not differ between the two methods (p>0.05). The estimated SCC curve for the microscopic in function to the Somacount significant with high correlation, demonstrating the possibility of using the Somacount 300 calibrated with cow milk for counting somatic cells in goat milk preserved with Bronopol® within the range of SCC analyzed in this study.

Relationship between total bacteria counts and somatic cell counts from mammary quarters infected by mastitis pathogens

This study was conducted to establish the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial shedding from mammary quarters according to mastitis pathogens. Milk samples from 638 mammary quarters were examined for mastitis pathogens, SCC and total bacterial count (TBC). The raw data of SCC and TBC were used to perform descriptive statistics. The significance of the arithmetic mean differences between SCC and TBC according to bacteriological examination results was determined by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. Pearson and Spearman´s correlations were done with logarithmic data and linear regression analyses. The geometric means of the bacteriological examination results were (cells mL-1; CFU mL-1): no growth (52,000; 12,000), coagulase-negative staphylococci (85,000; 17,000), Staphylococcus aureus (587,000; 77,000); other streptococci (432,000; 108,000) and Streptococcus agalactiae (1,572,000; 333,000). The Pearson and Spearmans correlations between SCC and TBC were higher than 0.60 for all mastitis pathogens. The regression analyses slopes showed different increase in TBC with the same increase in SCC according to mastitis pathogens. The slope for S. agalactiae (0.542) was higher than that for other mastitis pathogens. The results suggest that the intensity of inflammatory process was associated with number of mastitis pathogens shedding from the mammary gland.

Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a contagem de células somáticas no leite

Effects of temperature and storage duration on somatic cell counts (SCC) of milk samples were studied in a split plot design with seven replicates. Samples from 21 cows were maintained at 5, 27, 32 or 36oC (plots) and analyzed after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of storage (split plots). Based upon an initial analysis, samples were classified into three groups: low (236,000±164,000), medium (624,000±356,000) and high (1,320,000±945,000) SCC/ml. No significant differences in SCC (P>0.05) were observed among storage temperatures for milk samples tested after one day of storage. For milk samples stored at 5°C, SCC averages did not significantly change (P>0.05) until the seventh day after collection. On days 5, 5 and 3, respectively, average SCC decreased for milk samples stored at 27, 32 and 36°C. Reductions of 57.6% (from 236,000 to 100,000), 58.5% (from 624,000 to 259,000) and 27.5% (from 1,320,000 to 952,000) from initial numbers of somatic cells were observed for samples classified as low, medium and high, respectively. Milk samples must be kept under refrigeration until analysis, and SCC must be measured within 7 days of sample collection.