Gustavo Britto

Thirlwall's Law and the Long-Term Equilibrium Growth Rate: An Application to Brazil

This paper uses the balance-of-payments-constrained model to estimate the determinants of the long-run rate of growth of Brazil. Contrary to previous tests for the country found in the literature, this paper uses a different approach to test the long-run relationship between actual growth rates and those predicted by Thirlwalls law, extended to include capital flows. The regression results, apart from providing renewed support for the thesis that the countrys growth rate has been constrained by the balance of payments, allow us to argue that Thirlwalls law is associated with a notion of long-run equilibrium growth rate which is fundamentally distinct from that of mainstream economics.

A methodology for unveiling global innovation networks: patent citations as clues to cross border knowledge flows

This paper presents a new methodology to describe global innovations networks. Using 167,315 USPTO patents granted in 2009 and the papers they cited, this methodology shows “scientific footprints of technology” that cross national boundaries, and how multinational enterprises interact globally with universities and other firms. The data and the map of these flows provide insights to support a tentative taxonomy of global innovation networks.

Global interactions between firms and universities

This paper investigates interactions between firms and universities in a global context. The point of departure is a review of the ever-evolving literature on innovation. Three major strands of the literature can be identified: interactions between firms and universities, transnational corporations and their global reach, and more recently, global innovation networks (GINs). These strands have intersections that provide a starting point for a theoretical framework presented in order to assist the analysis of the role of universities in innovation networks, and the ways in which emerging countries are inserted into global hierarchies. Underlying the framework is the notion that the nature of national innovation systems shapes the national role in existing innovation networks. Therefore, immature national innovation systems will be associated with immature or incomplete GINs.

Building capabilities through global innovation networks: case studies from the Brazilian automotive industry

Internationalization of R&D towards developing countries has created innovation network configurations that are truly global. These global innovation networks (GINs) are set up in developing countries for technological or market reasons. Sometimes firms in a country are integrated for market reasons, and are responsible only for the adaptation of products for local conditions, but over time, the very fact of being part of a GIN increases their technological capabilities and they start conducting more significant innovation. In order to examine how this local innovation capability may evolve and what new capabilities are built in the process, we investigated the Brazilian automotive industry. We conducted case studies in subsidiaries of one large European automotive original equipment manufacturer and four automotive systems suppliers. Results confirmed that due to specificities of the local technological learning process, becoming part of a GIN has significantly contributed to enhance local innovation capabilities.

Redes globais de inovação e interações universidade-empresa: uma análise exploratória de dados

The literature on Global Innovation Networks has contributed to identify changes in the innovation activities of multinational corporations. Although university-firm interactions are seen as an important factor for the emergence of GINs, their role has received limited attention. This paper aims to fill this gap in two ways. First, it carries out an exploratory analysis of an original survey dataset, of firms in three industrial sectors from nine developed and developing countries. Second, the paper analyses whether the role of universities in global innovation networks is related to national systems of innovation with varying degrees of maturity. Multiple correspondence analysis and a Probit model are used to establish the relevance of key factors in driving GINs. The results identify distinctive profiles constructed mainly according to firm characteristics, but reflecting country specific patterns of association. The * Research for this paper was partially funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (Project INGINEUS, Grant Agreement No. 225368). The authors are also thankful for the financial support from CNPq and FAPEMIG. The authors alone are responsible for its contents an opinions herein. ** Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. E-mail: gustavo@cedeplar.ufmg.br *** Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. E-mail: ulisses@cedeplar.ufmg.br **** Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), África do Sul. E-mail: gkruss@hsrc.ac.za ***** Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. E-mail: albuquer@cedeplar.ufmg.br Gustavo Britto, Ulisses Pereira dos Santos, Glenda Kruss, Eduardo Albuquerque 164 165 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 14 (1), p. 163-192, janeiro/junho 2015 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 14 (1), p. 163-192, janeiro/junho 2015 Probit model confirms that internationalization processes and the existence of local interactions substantially increase the probability of interactions with international institutions.

Análise macrocomparativa da inovação ambiental (1990, 2000 e 2010)

317 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 17 (2), p. 317-344, julho/dezembro 2018 Rev. Bras. Inov., Campinas (SP), 17 (2), p. 317-344, julho/dezembro 2018 Macro-comparative analysis of environmental innovation (1990, 2000 and 2010) Rosa Livia Gonçalves Montenegro* https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-5131 Gustavo Britto** https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-3684 Leonardo Costa Ribeiro*** https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-9313

Sophistication, Productivity and Trade: A Sectoral Investigation

Joao P. Romero and Gustavo Britto in this chapter, titled ‘Sophistication, Productivity and Trade: A Sectoral Investigation’, argue that in balance-of-payments-constrained growth models, income elasticities of exports and imports are the crucial parameters determining the long-term growth rate. Consequently, it is critical to understand what determines the level of these elasticities. The chapter investigates whether measures of productive sophistication developed by Hausmann et al. (J Econ Growth 12(1): 1–25, 2007) and Hidalgo and Hausmann (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(26): 10570–10575, 2009) can explain not only productivity growth but also the size of income elasticities of trade in different technological sectors. It does so by testing the impact of initial industry sophistication on subsequent productivity growth for low- and high-tech industries as well as by assessing if changes in industry sophistication are associated with higher exports and imports in these sectors. The empirical investigation uses product-level trade data from UN Comtrade, combined with price data from Feenstra and Romalis (Q J Econ 129(2): 477–527, 2014) and with productivity data from EU KLEMS for 13 industries from seven countries, over the period 1984–2007.

Productivity, real exchange rate, and aggregate demand: An empirical exercise applied to Brazil from 1960 to 2011

ABSTRACT This research analyzes, from a post Kaleckian perspective, the interactions among the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity, and real wages in the Brazilian economy from 1960 to 2011. It adopts the longstanding perspective that demand is the driver of capital accumulation and economic growth. The research comprises the following steps: (a) a critical assessment of the growth regime literature, with a particular emphasis on issues related to productivity and the real exchange rate; (b) understanding the relationship between the real exchange rate and the productivity and growth regimes; (c) proposing a theoretical model that relates the real exchange rate, productivity, and the growth regime; and (d) an empirical test of the interaction between the real exchange rate, productivity, and the growth regime. Theoretically the study develops a model showing the interactions between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity, and real wages. Furthermore, this research attempts to address the lack of theoretical and empirical studies about the relationship between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages.

Thirlwall's law and the long-term equilibrium growth rate: an application to Brazil. An addendum

This is an addendum to Britto and McCombie (2009), in which more appropriate procedures are used to test for the long-run relationship between actual growth rates for Brazil and the hypothetical balance-of-payments growth rates. The results confirm the original conclusions.