Gustavo Laine Araújo de Oliveira

Cost-effectiveness of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues in chronic hepatitis B

OBJECTIVE To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R

Custo-efetividade dos análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos para hepatite crônica B

16,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS: Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R

Cost-effectiveness of vildagliptin for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazil: findings and implications

16,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection.

Antivirais incorporados no Brasil para hepatite B cronica: analise de custo-efetividade

OBJECTIVE To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R

Análise de custo-efetividade dos imunossupressores utilizados no tratamento de manutenção do transplante renal em pacientes adultos no Brasil

16,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS: Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R

Antivirales incorporados en Brasil para hepatitis B cronica: analisis de costo-efectividad

16,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection.

Incorporated antivirals for chronic hepatitis B in Brazil: a cost-effectiveness analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vildagliptin is an inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4, indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, combined or not with metformin. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of vildagliptin in the Brazilian context. Areas covered: Using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and CRD, six studies were selected for the economic models. This study utilised cost data in the Brazilian health system to provide the context. Expert commentary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease and represents a challenge for all health care systems. Although guidelines clearly define first-line treatment, there are several other promising treatments. Vildagliptin is one of them, resulting in a mean lifetime increase of 0.31 years compared to metformin alone and 1.19 more life years compared to other metformin combinations. Considering observational data, life years with dual vildagliptin-containing treatments were 0.37 more compared to other dual treatments. However, its high cost versus generic metformin and its unclear safety profile weakens its subsequent cost-effectiveness. Consequently, the incorporation of vildagliptin or its combination with metformin is currently not recommended for the Brazilian Health Care System. This may change as more data becomes available.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of immunosuppressive drugs in post-renal transplantation maintenance therapy in adult patients in Brazil

OBJETIVO Evaluar el costo-efectividad de diferentes tratamientos medicamentosos para hepatitis B cronica entre pacientes adultos. METODOS Utilizando el modelo de Markov, se construyo cohorte hipotetica de 40 anos para pacientes HBeAg-positivo o HBeAg-negativo. Se compararon los usos de adefovir, entecavir, tenofovir y lamivudina (con terapia de rescate en caso de resistencia viral) para tratamiento de pacientes adultos con hepatitis B cronica, virgenes de tratamiento, con elevados niveles de alanina aminotransferasa, sin evidencia de cirrosis y sin coinfeccion por VIH. Valores para costo y efecto fueron obtenidos de la literatura y efecto en anos de vida ganados (AVG). Tasa de descuento de 5% fue aplicada. Analisis de sensibilidad univariado fue conducido para evaluar incertidumbres del modelo. RESULTADOS El tratamiento inicial con entecavir o tenofovir presento mejores resultados clinicos. Los menores cocientes costo-efectividad fueron de entecavir para pacientes HBeAg-positivo (R.010,84/AVG) y lamivudina para pacientes HBeAg-negativo (R.205,08/AVG).Para pacientes HBeAg-negativo, el cociente costo-efectividad incrementado de entecavir (R.101,05/AVG) esta por debajo del limite recomendado por la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. El analisis de sensibilidad mostro que la variacion en los costos de los medicamentos puede tornar tenofovir una alternativa costo-efectiva tanto para pacientes HBeAg-positivo como para los HBeAg-negativo. CONCLUSIONES Entecavir es una alternativa recomendada para iniciar el tratamiento de pacientes con hepatitis B cronica en Brasil. Sin embargo, al haber reduccion en el costo de tenofovir, este puede convertirse en una alternativa mas costo-efectiva.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different drug therapies for chronic hepatitis B in adult patients. METHODS Using a Markov model, a hypothetical cohort of 40 years for HBeAg-positive or HBeAg-negative patients was constructed. Adefovir, entecavir, tenofovir and lamivudine (with rescue therapy in cases of viral resistance) were compared for treating adult patients with chronic hepatitis B undergoing treatment for the first time, with high levels of alanine aminotransferase, no evidence of cirrhosis and without HIV co-infection. Values for cost and effect were obtained from the literature, and expressed in effect on life years (LY). A discount rate of 5% was applied. Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess model uncertainties. RESULTS Initial treatment with entecavir or tenofovir showed better clinical outcomes. The lowest cost-effectiveness ratio was for entecavir in HBeAg-positive patients (R

Coste-efectividad de los inmunosupresores utilizados en el tratamiento de mantenimiento por trasplante renal en pacientes adultos de Brasil

4,010.84/LY) and lamivudine for HBeAg-negative patients (R

Costo-efectividad de los análogos de nucleósidos/nucleótidos para hepatitis crónica B

6,205.08/LY). For HBeAg-negative patients, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of entecavir (R