Gwi Yeong Jang

Changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities of hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots and leaves with heating temperature

Background This study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with heating temperature. Methods Heat treatment was performed at temperatures of 90°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C for 2 hours. Results The ginsenoside content varied significantly with heating temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in HGR decreased with increasing heating temperature. Ginsenosides F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5, which were absent in the raw ginseng, were formed after heat treatment. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1 in HGL decreased with increasing heating temperature. Conversely, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 increased with increasing heating temperature. In addition, ginsenoside contents of heated HGL were slightly higher than those of HGR. The highest extraction yield was 14.39% at 130°C, whereas the lowest value was 10.30% at 150°C. After heating, polyphenol contents of HGR and HGL increased from 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE eq/g) and 0.74 mg GAE eq/g to 6.16 mg GAE eq/g and 2.86 mg GAE eq/g, respectively. Conclusion Antioxidant activities of HGR and HGL, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging ability, increased with increasing heating temperature. These results may aid in improving the biological activity and quality of ginseng subjected to heat treatments.

Changes of phenolic-acids and vitamin E profiles on germinated rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) treated by high hydrostatic pressure

This study was performed to investigate changes in the phenolic acid and vitamin E profiles of germinated rough rice following high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HPT). Rough rice was germinated at 37°C for two days and subjected to 0.1, 10, 30, 50, and 100MPa pressures for 24h. The total phenolic acid content increased from 85.37μg/g at 0.1MPa to 183.52μg/g at 100MPa. The highest gallic acid (4.29μg/g), catechin (9.55μg/g), p-coumaric acid (8.36μg/g), ferulic acid (14.99μg/g), salicylic acid (14.88μg/g), naringin (6.18μg/g), trans-cinnamic acid (45.23μg/g), and kaempferol (40.95μg/g) contents occurred in the sample treated at 100MPa after germination. The maximum vitamin E content of about 2.56 (BG) and 4.34mg/100g (AG) were achieved at 30MPa. These result suggest that a combination of HPT and germination are efficient method for enhancement of functionality in rough rice, and clarify the influence of HPT conditions on the vitamin E and phenolic acid in germination rough rice.

Free and bound form bioactive compound profiles in germinated black soybean (Glycine max L.)

This study investigated the transition between the free and bound forms of functional compounds in germinated black soybean. Black soybean was germinated at 25°C over 6 days and then the free and bound forms of functional compounds were extracted. Total free polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid contents in raw black soybean increased from 1.03 mg GAE/g, 0.29 mg CE/g, and 315.67 μg/g to 1.44mg GAE/g, 0.64mg CE/g, and 511.01 μg/g, respectively, by 4 days after germination. Changes to phenolic acid compositions can be divided into four groups, and the germination process can convert compounds to phenolic acid via anabolism and catabolism. The highest total free isoflavone content in germinated black soybean (3,724.40 μg/g) was observed at 4 days. Bound polyphenol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and isoflavone contents decreased as the germination period increased. These results suggest that the germination process increased compound functionality in black soybean.

Isolation and Identification of an Antiproliferative Compound from Fructose–Tryptophan Maillard Reaction Products

This study was performed to isolate and identify a compound with antiproliferative activity against human stomach cancer cell lines, from fructose-tryptophan Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The MRPs, prepared from a fructose-tryptophan solution heated at 130 °C for 2 h, were fractionated into five solvent fractions: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The highest antiproliferative activity was found in the chloroform fraction (85.93% at 200 μg/mL), and the active compound from this chloroform fraction was purified by silica gel column chromatography, TLC, and preparative HPLC. The antiproliferative activity (IC50) of the active compound was 42.24 μg/mL, and the active compound was identified as perlolyrine (C16H10N2O2) by (1)H/(13)C NMR, DEPT, HMBC, and LC-ESI-MS. Therefore, this research may be useful in developing perlolyrine as a functional therapeutic agent.

Physicochemical and in vitro binding properties of barley β-glucan treated with hydrogen peroxide

This study investigated the changes in content, purity, physical properties, and in vitro binding properties of barley β-glucan by oxidation treatment. Barleys (Hordeum vulgare) were oxidized, using different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.2-1.0% H2O2). The total and soluble β-glucan contents ranged from 8.41% and 4.81% in the control to 9.48% and 6.45% in the 0.6% H2O2 treatment. With increasing H2O2 concentration, the purity of β-glucan increased from 35% to 70%, whereas molecular weight (MW), viscosity, and water-binding capacities decreased to 2.0 × 10(4)Da, 3.9 cP, and 4.45 g water/g β-glucan, respectively. Oil binding capacities ranged from 8.29 g of oil/g in non-oxidized β-glucan to 9.42 g of oil/g in β-glucan oxidized with 0.6% H2O2. The MW, viscosity, and binding capacities of waxy barley β-glucan were higher than those of non-waxy barley β-glucan. Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide improved the physical properties and in vitro binding capacity of barley β-glucan.

Physicochemical Properties of β-Glucan from Acid Hydrolyzed Barley

This study was performed to investigate changes in the content and purity, as well as physical characteristics of β-glucan extracted from acid hydrolyzed whole grain barleys. Waxy and non-waxy barleys (Hordeum vulgare) were hydrolyzed with different concentrations of HCl (0.1~0.5 N) for 1 h. As the HCl concentration increased, the contents of total and soluble β-glucan from acid hydrolyzed barley decreased. However the ratio of soluble/total β-glucan content and purities of β-glucan significantly increased. The ratio of β-(1→4)/β-(1→3) linkages, molecular weight, and viscosity of soluble β-glucan of raw barleys were 2.28~2.52, 6.0~7.0×105 g/mol, and 12.8~32.8 centipoise (cP). Those of isolated soluble β-glucan were significantly decreased to 2.05~2.15, 6.6~7.8×103 g/mol, and 3.6~4.2 cP, respectively, with increasing acid concentration. The re-solubility of raw barley β-glucan was about 50%, but increased to 97% with increasing acid concentration. Acid hydrolysis was shown to be an effective method to produce β-glucan with high ratio of soluble β-glucan content, purity, water solubility, and low viscosity.

Changes in the Functional Components of Barley Produced from Different Cultivars and Germination Periods

This study investigated the changes in the functional components of three cultivars (Kunalbori, Dahan, and Hinchalssalbori) over a 6 day germination period; these cultivars were selected because of their varied characteristics and applications. Barley produced from the cultivars was subjected to 6 days of germination. Germinated barley was analyzed for total polyphenol, total flavonoid, hordenine, total arabinoxylan, soluble arabinoxylan, γ-aminobutyric acid, and γ-oryzanol contents. The total polyphenol content increased with germination period, corresponding to 1.47–3.83, 1.41–3.42, and 1.59–2.82 mg/g in barley produced from the three cultivars, respectively. The corresponding total flavonoid contents were 0.35–0.44, 0.31–0.48, and 0.22–0.37 mg/g. The hordenine contents in the barley produced from the three cultivars increased from not detected for nongerminated barley to 1.52, 1.09, and 1.34 mg/100 g, respectively, at germination day 6. The γ-aminobutyric acid content significantly increased until germ...

Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on the Chemical Composition of Germinated Rough Rice (Oryza sativar L.)

This study was performed to evaluate changes in the chemical composition of germinated rough rice with high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HPT). Rough rice was germinated at 37oC over 6 days (control), and then subjected to HPT at 30 MPa for 24 h. The highest crude protein content was 9.54% in the control sample after 6 days of germination. Crude lipid content increased from 2.04-2.74% (control) to 2.27-3.10% (HPT). HPT samples showed higher values of total free sugar and glucose content than those of the control. The total amino acid value was not significant, but the essential amino acid content increased from 0.45-5.09 mg/g in the control to 1.57-5.30 mg/g in the HPT sample. The major fatty acids were found to be palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid. The content of oleic acid decreases with HPT, whereas that of linoleic and linolenic acid increased slightly during the initial stages of germination. These results suggest that HPT after germination efficiently depolymerizes chemical components and enhances the content of essential nutrients.This study was performed to evaluate changes in the chemical composition of germinated rough rice with high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HPT). Rough rice was germinated at 37 o C over 6 days (control), and then subjected to HPT at 30 MPa for 24 h. The highest crude protein content was 9.54% in the control sample after 6 days of germination. Crude lipid content increased from 2.04-2.74% (control) to 2.27-3.10% (HPT). HPT samples showed higher values of total free sugar and glucose content than those of the control. The total amino acid value was not significant, but the essential amino acid content increased from 0.45-5.09 mg/g in the control to 1.57-5.30 mg/g in the HPT sample. The major fatty acids were found to be palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid. The content of oleic acid decreases with HPT, whereas that of linoleic and linolenic acid increased slightly during the initial stages of germination. These results suggest that HPT after germination efficiently depolymerizes chemical components and enhances the content of essential nutrients.

Isolation and identification of antiproliferative substances from ginseng fermented using Ganoderma lucidum mycelia

Two active substances from ginseng fermented using Ganoderma lucidum mycelia were investigated for antiproliferative effects against the human lung cancer cell line A549. The chloroform fraction of fermented ginseng extracts showed a strong antiproliferative effect. This fraction was isolated and purified using silica gel and C18 resin column chromatography and semi-preparative reverse phase HPLC. The structures of isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods (ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR). Isolated compounds were identified as ginsenoside compound K and 3-oxo-compound K. Both inhibited A549 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability values for ginsenoside compound K were 74.88, 59.30, 5.76, 5.79, and 6.27% at 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, and 100.00 μg/mL, respectively, and ginsenoside 3-oxo-compound K showed values 89.40, 59.62, 6.05, and 4.64% at 3.70, 7.50, 15.00, and 30.00 μg/mL, respectively. Compound K and 3-oxo-compound K from fermented ginseng can be used as natural anti-cancer agents.

Preparation of black soybean (Glycine max L) extract with enhanced levels of phenolic compound and estrogenic activity using high hydrostatic pressure and pre-germination

ABSTRACT We investigated the influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the estrogenic properties and conversion of the phenolic compounds in germinated black soybean. The black soybean was germinated for two- or four-days, and then subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 12 or 24 h. The highest total polyphenol content (3.9 mg GAE/g), flavonoid content (0.8 mg CE/g), phenolic acid content (940 ± 18.96 μg/g), and isoflavonone content (2600 μg/g) were observed after germination for four days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h. In terms of isoflavone composition, the malonyl, acetyl and β-glycoside contents decreased, while the aglycone content increased with HHP. The highest proliferative effect (150%) is observed at four days germination and HHP treatment at 100 MPa. These results suggest that application of HHP may provide useful information regarding the utility of black soybean as alternative hormone replacement therapy.