H. Antoni
University of Freiburg
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Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1969
H. Antoni; R. Jacob; R. Kaufmann
SummaryIn isolated preparations of the frogs and the mammalian ventricular myocardium (papillary muscles of cat, rabbit, guinea pig, and rhesus monkey) the duration of the action potential was altered by constant current pulses applied through a sucrose gap. The isometric mechanical response of the polarized muscle section was recorded simultaneously. The following results were obtained:In the mammalian myocardium the contractile response to alteration of one single action potential lasts for several contraction cycles. Shortening of the action potential by anodal current polarization reduces the peak tension of the corresponding contraction only by shortening of the time to peak. The amplitude of the following contraction, however, initiated by a normal action potential, is even more depressed, due to a decreased rate of tension development. Prolongation of the action potential by cathodal pulses has an opposite effect. If the duration of the action potential is altered repeatedly, summation of the delayed negative or positive inotropic responses occurs. Independent of the frequency of stimulation, 5 to 7 beats are necessary for the development as well as the restitution of a steady state. With increasing extracellular Ca++ concentration (up to 5,4 mM/l) the inotropic effects are more pronounced with the first beat, bur are decreased in the steady state.In the frogs myocardium, the contractile response to alterations of the duration of the action potential is limited to the corresponding contraction. The mechanical time to peak and the rate of tension development are influenced simultaneously.The differences between the mechanical response of mammalian and frogs myocardium may explain the different contractile reactions accompanying alternating changes of the duration of the action potential as well as paired pulse stimulation. They are considered as a functional manifestation of some differences of the ultrastructure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in both tissues.ZusammenfassungAn isolierten Präparaten des Ventrikelmyokards vom Frosch und von verschiedneen Säugetieren (Papillarmuskeln von Katzen, Kaninchen, Meerschweinchen und Rhesusaffen) wurde mit Hilfe einer Saccharose-Trennwand die Aktionspotentialdauer durch konstante Gleichstromimpulse verändert und der Einfluß auf das isometrische Mechanogramm untersucht. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erhalten:Im Säugetiermyokard erstreckt sich die mechanische Antwort auf die Beeinflussung eines einzelnen Aktionspotentials über mehrere Kontraktionscyclen. Einmalige anodische Abkürzung der Aktionspotential-Dauer reduziert dabei die zugehörige Kontraktion durch Verkürzung der mechanischen Anstiegszeit nur geringfügig, während die folgende Kontraktion mit unbeeinflußtem Aktionspotential durch Reduktion der Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich abgeschwächt wird. Kathodische Aktionspotential-Verlägerung besitzt den umgekehrten Effekt, d.h. die zugehörige Kontraktion wird infolge Verlängerung der Anstiegszeit nur wenig verstärkt, während das folgende normale Aktionspotential eine wesentlich kräftigere Kontraktion mit erhöhter Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit auslöst. Bei fortgesetzter Veränderung der Aktionspotential-Dauer summieren sich die negativ bzw. positiv inotropen Nachwirkungen. Die Entwicklung und Rückbildung bis zum steady state umfaßt unabhängig von der Frequenz jeweils 5–7 Schläge. Mit steigender extracellulärer Ca++-Konzentration (bis 5,4 mM/l) nimmt die inotrope Wirkung der Aktionspotential-Dauer auf das Mechanogramm beim ersten Schlag zu, im steady state dagegen ab.Im Froschmyokard wird unter den gleichen Bedingungen jeweils nur die zugehörige Kontraktion beeinflußt, wobei sich die mechanische Anstiegszeit und die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit gleichzeitig ändern.Die unterschiedlichen Reaktionsformen des Frosch- und des Säugetiermyokards erklären auch das differente Verhalten bei alternierender Veränderung der Aktionspotential-Dauer sowie bei paariger Stimulation. Sie werden als funktioneller Ausdruck der unterschiedlichen Feinstruktur im Bereich des sarkoplasmatischen Reticulums beider Gewebe gedeutet.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1970
H. Antoni; J. Töppler; H. Krause
ZusammenfassungIsolierte Papillarmuskeln von Rhesusaffen wurden mit sinusförmigem Wechselstrom von 50 Hz unter Verwendung einer Saccharose-Trennwand polarisiert. Das Verhalten des Membranpotentials wurde während der Einwirkung des Wechselstroms mit intracellulären Mikroelektroden gemessen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erhalten:Bei Reizung mit schwellennahen Stromstärken erfolgt die Auslösung einer Alles-oder-nichts-Antwort unter Umständen erst nach Ablauf mehrerer unterschwelliger Oscillationen des Membranpotentials (Gildemeister-Effekt). Die Amplitude der unterschwelligen Oscillationen nimmt hierbei trotz unveränderter Effektiv-Stromstärke in Richtung Depolarisation bis zur Schwelle zu. Ströme von 1,5 facher Schwellenstärke lösen — in Abhängigkeit von der Refraktärzeit — rhythmisch Aktionspotentiale aus.Durch mehrfach überschwellige Wechselstrom-Polarisation bleiben die Oscillationen des Membranpotentials nach einem überschießenden Einschwingvorgang in Richtung Depolarisation verlagert. Das Oscillationsband des Membranpotentials stellt sich hierbei entweder auf ein konstantes Plateau ein oder zeigt rhythmische Schwankungen ähnlich wie eine automatisch tätige Schrittmacher-Zelle.Bei isotonischem Ersatz aller Na+-Verbindungen der Tyrodelösung durch Saccharose verhält sich die Membran wie ein Gleichrichter mit niedriger Leitfähigkeit bei Depolarisation. Das Membranpotential schwankt hierbei unter Wechselstrom-Einfluß asymmetrisches um das Ruhepotential mit Überwiegen der positiven (depolarisierenden) Ausschlagsrichtung. Die Anzeichen für zeitabhängige Veränderungen der Ionenpermeabilität verschwinden unter diesen Bedingungen.Wenn das Oscillationsband des Membranpotentials in gewöhnlicher Tyrodelösung ein mittleres Potentialniveau von ca.−30mV in Richtung Depolarisation überschreitet, hält sich die mechanische Spannungsentwicklung während der Polarisationsdauer über dem Ausgangswert.Das mögliche Verhalten der Na+-und K+-Ströme während der Wechselstrom-Polarisation wird mittels eines elektronischen Computermodells der Myokardfaser analysiert.SummaryUsing a sucrose gap, sinusoidal 50-cycle alternating current was passed through isolated papillary muscles of the rhesus monkey. Responses of the membrane potential accompanying AC polarization were recorded with intracellular microelektrodes. The following results were obtained:Upon AC polarization with just threshold intensity, several subthreshold oscillations of the membrane potential preceded the initiation of an all-or-none response (Gildemeister effect). Without any change in the effective strength of the polarizing current, the amplitudes of the local oscillations increased in the depolarizing direction up to threshold.Alternating current of 1.5 x rheobasic intensity gave rise to a rhythmic selective series of action potentials depending on refractory conditions. With a further increase of current strength, the rhythmic firing of action potentials ceased and the oscillation band of the membrane potential dislocated more and more to positive values, either forming a constant plateau of fluctuating rhythmically similar to electrical pacemaker activity.With isotonic replacement of all Na+-compounds of the Tyrodes solution by sucrose the membrane behaved like a rectifier with inward going rectification. Hence, under these conditions, AC polarization caused the membrane potential to oscillate asymmetrically about the resting potential, preferring the depolarizing half-periods. Time-dependent changes of the membrane conductance disappeared.In normal Thyrodes solution an increased mechanical tension was maintained throughout AC polarization if the average potential level of the oscillation band became more positive than about−30 mV.Possible ionic current mechanisms concerning the movement of Na+-or K+-ions, respectively, which may account for some of the observed effects were analysed by means of an electronic computer model of the cardiac fibre membrane.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1965
H. Antoni; W. Delius
SummaryWhen recorded with high sweep speed, transmembrane action potentials of the isolated frogs myocardium exhibit regularly a step-like discontinuity of their rising phase. The upstroke of the action potential can thus be regarded as being composed of two phases: an initial phase of rapid depolarization preceding the step (phase I) which is followed by a slower phase reaching the peak of the overshoot (phase II).Experiments were performed in order to find out whether these 2 phases can be specifically influenced a) by changes of the resting potential, b) by changes of the external cation concentrations (K+, Mg++, Na+), c) by addition of epinephrine. The following results were obtained: Hyperpolarization and depolarization by electrotonic current lead to corresponding changes of phase I, whereas phase II remains practically unchanged. Like cathodic current depolarization due to high external potassium causes also a selective reduction of phase I. Reduction of the external Na+-concentration (70% replacement by sucrose) diminishes the height of phase I and suppresses phase II. High external Mg++-concentrations (5–15 mM/l) increase the resting potential and reduce the overshoot. Concomitant with the Mg++-dependent hyperpolarization the amplitude of phase I is augmented, whereas phase II disappears. Epinephrine increases the overshoot in K+- and Mg++-rich as well as in Na+-depleted solutions by a selective stimulation of phase II.It is concluded from these experiments, that the rising phase of the frogs cardiac action potential consists of two processes different in nature. Phase I seems to be especially related to the activation of the sodium-carrying-system (rising phase in a proper sense), whereas phase II represents the beginning of the plateau. The underlying mechanisms are discussed in terms of sodium and potassium currents using an analogue computer.
Archive | 1963
H. Antoni; K. Herkel; A. Fleckenstein
Spontaneous rhythmic activity of isolated cardiac pacemakers is completely suppressed by sufficiently increasing the extracellular potassium concentration. Adrenaline was found to restore spontaneous activity of the guinea pigs sinus node as well as of the monkeys sinus and Purkinje fibres. Microelectrode measurements were performed in order to elucidate the mechanisms of action.SummarySpontaneous rhythmic activity of isolated cardiac pacemakers is completely suppressed by sufficiently increasing the extracellular potassium concentration. Adrenaline was found to restore spontaneous activity of the guinea pigs sinus node as well as of the monkeys sinus and Purkinje fibres. Microelectrode measurements were performed in order to elucidate the mechanisms of action.High extracellular potassium mainly acts by reducing the maximal diastolic potential and the rate of diastolic depolarization to such an extent that generation of propagated impulses is no more possible. In Purkinje fibres, being most sensitive to potassium, spontaneous beating frequently ceased without any reduction of the maximal diastolic potential. Here, the inhibitory effect of high potassium is considerably supported by the decrease of the threshold potential which regularly occurs in a potassium rich medium.Adrenaline restarts spontaneous activity by increasing the steepness of the diastolic depolarization and by elevating the threshold potential. Local oscillations of the membrane potential often precede propagated impulses. Besides these effects, closely connected with rhythmic activity, adrenaline increases the overshoot and prolongs the duration of the action potential without any direct influence on the maximal rate of rise.The specific mechanisms of action of potassium ions and adrenaline are discussed in detail.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1962
H. Antoni; G. Engstfeld; A. Fleckenstein; H. D. Klein
Die am meisten beachteten Effekte der Mg++-Ionen auf den Erregungsablauf bestehen bekanntlich in einer Curare-artigen Blockierung der motoris•hen Endplatten (JoLY]~T u. CAEOV~S 1869) sowie in einer narkoseähnlichen Depression der zentralnervösen Funktionen (Literatur bei E~G~A~K 1952). Die Mg++-Wirkungen auf andere erregbare Gewebe insbesondere auf das Myokard fanden hingegen bisher weniger Interesse. Dies beruht zum Teil wohl darauf, daß die bisher vorliegenden Resultate wenig einheitlich waren. GA~B (1951) sowie HO~FMA~ U. SVC~:Iù~G (1956) berichteten z. B. über nur geringe Mg++-Effekte auf das Warmblütermyokard bei normaler extracellulärer Ca++-Konzentration. Andere Autoren fanden dagegen am Säugerherzen in situ bei ErhShung der extracellulären Mg++-Konzentration Bradykardie und Stillstand der Spontan-Automatie sowie Störungen der Erregungsausbreitung bis zum AV-Bloek (vgl. ~OT~B~RO~~ u. ZWlLLr~G~~ 1936; Sm+~, WINKLER U. HOFF 1939; M]~~~:nv~N, BE~+~AVX u. MAUI¢AT 1955). Mit den Mg++-Wirkungen auf das Froschmyokard haben sich bisher unseres Wissens nur BAVM~CKv~~ (1923) sowie Lo]~wI (1955) beschäftigt. Beide Autoren stellten übereinstimmend eine rasch einsetzende Lähmung des
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1990
Roland Eickhorn; Jörg Weirich; Daniela Hornung; H. Antoni
Tetrodoxin (TTX) is known to cause a voltage-and frequency-dependent inhibition of the rapid inward sodium current (INa) of cardiac muscle. This effect was studied by means of the loose-patch-clamp method on intact rat papillary muscle. The availability curve of the fast sodium system, determined by variation of the holding potential, is shifted in the presence of TTX (5.5 μmol · l−1) by 17 mV to more negative potentials. With clamp pulses of 5 ms duration to 0 mV, a frequency-dependent reduction of INa by TTX is found above 0.1 Hz that saturates at about 10 Hz. This frequency-dependent block was further analysed using trains of pulses (10 Hz) of various durations (minimum 50 μs), which allow TTX to equilibrate with channel states reached early during activation. The results show that more than 90% of the frequency-dependent block is attained with pulses of 1 ms duration. An analysis according to the guarded receptor hypothesis reveals that these results are well described by TTX binding to inactivated, activated and probably preactivated channel states.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1959
H. Kotowski; H. Antoni; A. Fleckenstein
SummaryThe electrical and mechanical activity of an isolated frogs ventricle in Ringer solution paralyzed by rising the extracellular potassium concentration to 12.8 mM can be restored by addition of ATP as shown in earlier experiments.Further information about the mechanism of action of ATP could be obtained by an analysis of the bioelectrical phenomena with intracellular electrodes and by isometrical tension measurements. In the high potassium Ringer solution the resting potential of the myocardial fibres was found to be reduced from the normal value of 69 (± 0.6) mV to a lower average amounting to 40 (± 0.5) mV. ATP on the other hand, when added to the paralyzing medium, led to a partial recovery of the membrane potential so that an average of 49 (± 0.6) mV was found. Furthermore the conductivity and the conduction velocity of the myocardial fibres could be restored. Simultaneously the shape of the action potential, which was heavily affected by high potassium, returned towards normal under the influence of ATP. This effect of ATP became particularly obvious in reestablishing the prolonged duration of the myocardial action potential (plateau). In general the membrane potential and the bioelectrical activity of the fibres did not return completely to the initial state. Nevertheless the recovery of the mechanical tension often exceeded the normal values found in usual Ringer solution. This observation may be indicative for another action of ATP on the electromechanical coupling at the membrane.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1968
H. Antoni; M. Rotmann
SummaryThe question is examined on electrically stimulated frog ventricular strips whether acetylcholine exerts its negative inotropic effects in an exclusively indirect way, i.e. by an abbreviation of action potential or whether, in addition, a direct inhibitory action of acetylcholine on excitation-contraction coupling or on the contractile machinery itself has to be assumed. The results show that under the influence of acetylcholine a strict correlation between action potential duration and contraction amplitude is maintained over the whole range of concentrations tested (10−10 to 10−3 g/ml). This correlation is not affected by changes in stimulation frequency, temperature or extracellular Ca++ concentration.The observations on frogs myocardium indicate that the negative inotropic action of acetylcholine is exclusively due to the abbreviation of action potential. Accordingly, even in the presence of very high acetylcholine concentrations (1 mg/ml), the mechanical peak tension of frog ventricular strips does not decline if the contractile system is activated by repetitive tetanic stimuli or by membrane depolarization in an isotonic KCl solution.ZusammenfassungMit elektrophysiologischer Methodik (Mikroelektroden-Ableitungen und gleichzeitige isometrische Spannungsregistrierung) wird an elektrisch gereizten Ventrikelstreifen vom Frosch die Frage geprüft, ob Acetylcholin seine negativ inotropen Effekte ausschließlich indirekt, d. h. durch einen primären Eingriff in die elektrischen Erregungsprozesse (Verkürzung der Aktionspotential-Dauer) ausübt, oder ob sich außerdem Hinweise für eine direkte Hemmung der elektromechanischen Koppelung bzw. des contractilen Systems ergeben.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine enge Korrelation zwischen Aktionspotential-Dauer und Kontraktions-Amplitude bei allen geprüften Acetylcholin-Konzentrationen (10−10 bis 10−3 g/ml) gewahrt bleibt und von einer Variation der Schlagfrequenz, der extracellulären Ca++-Konzentration und der Temperatur in weiten Grenzen unabhängig ist. Die negativ inotrope Acetylcholin-Wirkung auf das Froschherz kommt also offenbar ausschließlich infolge einer Verkürzung der Aktionspotential-Dauer zustande. Auch bei Einwirkung sehr hoher Acetylcholin-Konzentrationen (1 mg/ml) tritt dementsprechend keine Verminderung der Kontraktur-Fähigkeit oder des — bei tetanischer Reizung erreichbaren — Spannungsmaximum ein.
Archive | 1963
R. Kaufmann; A. Fleckenstein; H. Antoni; H. Wolf
Summary1.In isolated guinea pigs atria or papillary muscles, cooled to a temperature below 20°C, rhythmic variations of tension are recorded immediately after the end of previous electrical stimulation, sufficiently great in duration and frequency. These tonus changes consist in a number of gradually decreasing mechanical oscillations which are quite distinct from the preceeding all-or-none responses since they are slow, nonconducted and graded.2.The appearance as well as the amplitude and number of such mechanical oscillations can be considerably enhanced by an excess of Ca++ ions, by lowering the external sodium concentration or by treatment with heart glycosides. Under these conditions a tension maximum of the tonus waves of about 50 percent of the force of a regular beat may be reached. In addition, high Ca++ or heart glycosides increase the wave frequency.3.Intracellular potential measurements with microelectrodes reveal that the rhythmic tonus oscillations correspond to small oscillatory after-potentials which decrease in a regular manner and disappear after 1 to 5 waves exactly like the mechanical changes. Obviously the electrical and mechanical oscillations run closely parallel, a decrease in resting potential always being followed, with a slight delay, by a rise in tension and vice versa.4.The experiments indicate that low temperature, high Ca++ or heart glycosides will labilize the resting potential of mammalian myocardial fibres thus producing a pre-fibrillatory state in which local automaticity can be evoked even by electrical stimulation of moderate strength. Furthermore high Ca++ and heart glycosides, especially in a medium with a reduced sodium content, largely amplify the mechanical response of the myocardium even if the underlaying oscillatory depolarisation is very small. This effect can be fully explained by the special role of Ca++ ions in the excitation-contraction coupling.
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | 1967
H. Antoni; Traude Zerweck
SummaryIn isolated electrically stimulated papillary muscles and Purkinje fibres of Rhesus monkey, the influence of adrenaline or noradrenaline resp. on the conduction velocity has been studied. The absolute values of the conduction velocity were calculated from the conduction delay between two intracellularly registered action potentials and from the distance between the electrodes.No statistically significant influence on the mean conduction velocity by the sympathetic transmitters could be found neither in papillary muscles nor in Purkinje fibres. However, on raising the extracellular K+-concentration to 8.1 mM/l, the conduction velocity of isolated papillary muscles showed a highly significant increase. A further increase of Ke+to 10.8 mM/l and more reduced the conduction velocity and even blocked the impulse propagation. Adrenaline was able to restore the propagation of impulses in K+-paralized papillary muscles without increasing the conduction velocity above values measured before the block occurred.These results suggest that the positive dromotropic effects of adrenaline or noradrenaline resp. on the spread of ventricular excitation of an intact heart in situ are of an indirect nature and that they are mainly due to an increase of external potassium by the sympathetic transmitter substances.ZusammenfassungAn isolierten, elektrisch gereizten Papillarmuskeln und Purkinjefäden von Rhesusaffen wurde der Einfluß von Adrenalin bzw. Noradrenalin auf die Leitungsgeschwindigkeit untersucht. Absolutwerte der Leitungsgeschwindigkeit wurden aus der Leitungslatenz zweier intracellulär abgegriffener Aktionspotentiale und aus dem Elektrodenabstand errechnet.Weder an Papillarmuskeln noch an Purkinjefäden konnte eine statistisch signifikante Beeinflußung der mittleren Leitungsgeschwindigkeit durch die sympathischen Überträgerstoffe nachgewiesen werden. Dagegen führte eine Erhöhung der extracellulären K+-Konzentration bis 8,1 mM/l an isolierten Papillarmuskeln zu einem statistisch hochsignifikanten Anstieg der Leitungsgeschwindigkeit. Bei weiterer Erhöhung von Ke+auf 10,8 mM/l und darüber nahm die Leitungsgeschwindigkeit bis zur Unterbrechung der Erregungsfortleitung ab. Adrenalin restituierte die Erregungsfortleitung K+-gelähmter Papillarmuskeln, ohne daß dabei die Leitungsgeschwindigkeit über die vor Eintritt der K+-Lähmung gemessenen Werte zunahm.Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß positiv dromotrope Effekte von Adrenalin bzw. Noradrenalin auf die ventrikuläre Erregungsausbreitung des intakten Herzens in situ indirekter Natur sind und hauptsächlich auf einer Erhöhung der extracellulären K+-Konzentration durch die sympathischen Überträgerstoffe beruhen.