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Dive into the research topics where H. J. Hohorst is active.

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Featured researches published by H. J. Hohorst.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 2000

Increased antitumour activity of mesyl-I-aldophosphamide-perhydrothiazine, in vivo but not in vitro, compared to I-aldophosphamide-perhydrothiazine

G. Voelcker; B. Pfeiffer; A. Schnee; H. J. Hohorst

Abstract When equitoxic dosages of ifosfamide and I-aldophosphamide-perhydrothiazine (IAP) were tested for antitumour activity in the P388 mouse leukaemia model, 80% long-term survival (for more than 100 days) was achieved with IAP whereas, in the ifosfamide group, all mice died from tumour growth within 60 days. Even better antitumour activity, compared with ifosfamide, was observed with an IAP derivative (SUM-IAP) in which one 2-chloroethyl group of the alkylating function is substituted by a mesylethyl group. Evaluation of tumour growth curves following treatment with IAP and SUM-IAP revealed the antitumour activity of SUM-IAP to be 104–105 times higher than that of IAP. In contrast to the results of these in vivo experiments, IAP was more cytotoxic against P388 mouse leukaemia cells in vitro than was SUM-IAP. The inverse correlation of in vivo antitumour activity and in vitro cytotoxicity indicates that the factors leading to the increase of antitumour activity following chemical modification of IAP differ from those involved in cytotoxicity on the cellular level.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1980

Does acrolein contribute to the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide

E. Wrabetz; G. Peter; H. J. Hohorst

ZusammenfassungGeprüft wurde, ob die Freisetzung von Acrolein aus Oxazaphosphorinan-Cytostatika zur cytotoxischen Wirkung und Spezifität beiträgt. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde die Cytotoxizität von 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamid, 4-Hydroperoxy-semi-cyclophosphamid, 4-Hydroperoxy-dechloro-cyclophosphamid und von Acrolein auf L 1210 Tumorzellen in vitro durch Bestimmung der mittleren Überlebenszeit nach Transplantation der Tumorzellen auf DBA2/Han-Mäuse miteinander verglichen. Wir fanden, daß nur 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamid, das neben Acrolein auch das alkylierende Spaltprodukt N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid freisetzt, die Transplantabilität der L 1210 Zellen vermindert. Dagegen waren die Strukturanalogen 4-Hydroperoxy-semi-cyclophosphamid und 4-Hydroperoxy-dechloro-cyclophosphamid, die nur Acrolein aber kein Alkylans freisetzen, unwirksam. Zusatz von Acrolein in Konzentrationen, die dem während der Inkubationszeit aus den Oxazaphosphorinan-Derivaten abgespaltenen Acrolein entsprechen, verringerte die Transplantabilität der L 1210 Zellen nur unwesentlich, unterschied sich aber qualitativ durch verstärkte Zell-Lyse (Trypanblaufärbung) von dem intrazellulär aus 4-Hydroperoxy-oxazaphosphorinan-Verbindungen freigesetzten Acrolein. Die Versuche zeigen, daß die cytotoxische Wirkung von aktiviertem Cyclophosphamid auf Reaktionen des alkylierenden Molekülteils beruht, und daß weder die 4-Hydroperoxy-Funktion, der aktivierte Oxazaphosphorinanring als solcher, noch das während der Giftung intrazellulär freigesetzte Acrolein direkt cytotoxisch auf L 1210 Zellen wirken und dadurch die höhere cytotoxische Spezifität von aktiviertem CP im Vergleich zu anderen Stickstoff-Lost-Cytostatika verursachen.SummaryTo determine whether the release of acrolein from oxazaphosphorinane-cytostatics contributes to their cytotoxic action, the effect of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxy-semi-cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxy-dechloro-cyclophosphamide, and acrolein on murine L 1210 leukemia cells in vitro was compared by measuring the median survival time (MST) after transplantation of the tumor cells in DBA2/Han mice. We found that only 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, which is able to release both acrolein and the alkylating metabolite phosphoramide-mustard, decreased the transplantability of L 1210 cells, while the structurally analogous 4-hydroperoxy-dechloro-cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroperoxy-semi-cyclophosphamide, which under physiological conditions only release acrolein but no alkylating split products, showed no cytotoxicity. Acrolein itself showed only a marginal effect, when administered in concentrations equivalent to the release of acrolein from the oxazaphosphorinane-derivatives in test. In this case, however, significant lysis of the L 1210 cells was observed by estimating dye exclusion, while acrolein released intracellularly from 4-hydroperoxy-oxazaphosphorinane-compounds did not. This points to a different mechanism of the cytotoxic action of extracellular acrolein and acrolein released intracellularly from activated oxazaphosphorinane-compounds. The results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of activated cyclophosphamide is based on the alkylating moiety of the molecule. Neither the 4-hydroperoxy-group nor the activated oxazaphosphorinane-ring itself, nor acrolein released intracellularly during toxification of activated cyclophosphamide exert a direct cytotoxic effect. Thus, the release of acrolein from activated CP apparently does not contribute to the cytotoxicity of CP in vivo.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1984

Activated cyclophosphamide: An enzyme-mechanism-based suicide inactivator of DNA polymerase/3′–5′ exonuclease

Ludmilla Bielicki; G. Voelcker; H. J. Hohorst

SummaryDNA polymerase I fromE. coli can toxify activated cyclophosphamide (CP) by means of the 3′–5′ exonuclease activity associated with the enzyme. Acrolein and an alkylating moiety are released in the process. Preincubation of DNA polymerase I with activated CP for 15–60 min leads to an increasing inhibition of DNA polymerase activity, which can be prevented when preincubation of DNA polymerase I with activated CP is carried out in the presence of 5′ AMP, a competitive inhibitor of the 3′–5′ exonuclease subsite of the enzyme. This demonstrates that toxification of activated CP by the 3′–5′ exonuclease subsite of DNA polymerase is a prerequisite for the inhibition of DNA polymerase activity. The kinetics and the degree of DNA polymerase inhibition suggest that the alkylating moiety rather than acrolein released from activated CP during toxification is responsible for the inhibition of DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase with associated 3′–5′ exonuclease activity has also been isolated from eukaryotic cells, and toxification of activated CP by such an enzyme (DNA polymerase δ from rabbit bone marrow) has been shown previously. Thus we suggest that toxification of activated CP by DNA polymerases/3′-5′ exonucleases present mainly in proliferating cells might lead to the specific alkylation of macromolecules involved in the cell proliferation process, such as the DNA polymerase subsite of these enzymes and probably also the DNA bound to the enzymes. The relatively high cancerotoxic selectivity and cytotoxic specificity of activated CP could be based on this specific enzyme-mediated alkylation.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1983

Enzymatic toxicogenation of “Activated” cyclophosphamide by 3′–5′ exonucleases

Ludmilla Bielicki; G. Voelcker; H. J. Hohorst

Summary3′–5′ Exonucleases from various sources were found to toxicogenate 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (“activated” cyclophosphamide) by splitting the oxazaphosphorinane ring and releasing an alkylating moiety and acrolein. Neither cyclophosphamide (CP) nor the deactivated metabolites of CP, 4-keto-CP and carboxyphosphamide nor 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfido-CP were attacked by 3′–5′ exonucleases. DNA polymerases with proofreading activity, such as DNA polymerase I from E. coli or DNA polymerase δ from rabbit bone marrow, exhibited a tenfold higher specific activity with “activated” CP than “plain” 3′–5′ phosphodiesterases such as snake venom phosphodiesterase or 3′,5′ cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase from bovine heart tissue.High levels of toxicogenating activity were estimated in peripheric human lymphocytes and tissues of lymphatic origin, suggesting that enzymatic toxicogenation plays a key role with respect to the cytotoxic specificity of “activated” CP.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1979

[Fluorometric determination of "activated" cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in blood (author's transl)].

G. Voelcker; R. Haeglsperger; H. J. Hohorst

Summary“Activated” N-(2-Chloroethyl)amido-oxazaphosphorines like 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, 4-hydroxyifosfamide, and 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide can be determined fluorometrically by condensation of liberated acrolein with m-aminophenol yielding 7-hydroxychinolin. The method permits determination of 10-10 mol and is specific for “activated” N-(2-Chloroethyl)amido-oxazaphosphorine metabolites which liberate acrolein under conditions of the test. Neither cyclophosphamide nor ifosfamide or other metabolites of this cytostatics interfere with the test. Blood levels of free 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxyifosfamide were determined after injection of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide into mice.Zusammenfassung“Aktivierte” N-(2-Cloräthyl)-amido-oxazaphosphorine wie 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid, 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamid, 4-Hydroxyifosfamid und 4-Hydroperoxyifosfamid können über die Freisetzung von Acrolein und dessen Kondensation mit m-Aminophenol zu 7-Hydroxychinolin fluorometrisch bestimmt werden. Die Nachweisempfindlichkeit beträgt 1x10-10 mol; der Test ist spezifisch für “aktivierte” N-(2-Chloräthyl)-amidooxazaphosphorin-Metabolite mit aldehydogener Funktion am Kohlenstoff 4 des Oxazaphosphorin-Rings, welche unter Testbedingungen Acrolein freisetzen. Weder Cyclophosphamid oder Ifosfamid, noch andere Metabolite dieser Cytostatica stören den Test. Im Mäuseblut wurden die Spiegel von freiem 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid und 4-Hydroxyifosfamid nach Injektion von Cyclophosphamid bzw. Ifosfamid in einem Zeitraum vom 90 min nach der Injektion bestimmt.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1979

Zur Frage der Permeabilität von N, N-Bis(2-chloräthyl)-phosphorsäurediamid in Tumorzellen

U. Lenssen; H. J. Hohorst

The uptake of tritiated N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-diamido-phosphoric-acid into Ehrlich-Ascites-Tumor cells of mice was studied by means of the siliconoil-filtration technique. At 10 mM concentration no permeation of the metabolite into the tumor cells could be found within 5 min at 1 degrees C, while its congenors cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (1 mM) were shown to permeate into the cells very easily reaching saturation values. Thus lack of permeation into tumor cells of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-diamidophosphoric-acid seems to be the reason for the poor cytotoxic activity of this metabolite of cyclophosphamide.SummaryThe uptake of tritiated N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-diamido-phosphoric-acid into Ehrlich-Ascites-Tumor Cells of mice was studied by means of the siliconoil-filtration technique. At 10 mM concentration no permeation of the metabolite into the tumor cells could be found within 5 min at 1°C, while its congenors cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (1 mM) were shown to permeate into the cells very easily reaching saturation values. Thus lack of permeation into tumor cells of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-diamidophosphoric-acid seems to be the reason for the poor cytotoxic activity of this metabolite of cyclophosphamide.ZusammenfassungDie Aufnahme von tritiiertem N,N-Bis(2-chloräthyl)-phosphorsäurediamid in Ehrlich-Ascites-Tumorzellen wurde mit Hilfe der Siliconöl-Filtrationsmethode untersucht. Selbst bei Konzentrationen von 10 mM konnte bei 1°C innerhalb 5 min keine Permeation in die Tumorzellen festgestellt werden. Dagegen zeigen Cyclophosphamid und 4-Hydroperoxycyclosphamid bei einer Konzentration von 1 mM unter gleichen experimentellen Bedingungen eine relativ rasche Aufnahme und erreichen nahezu den gleichen Sättigungswert. Offensichtlich ist die fehlende Aufnahme von N,N-Bis(2-chlräthyl)-phosphorsäurediamid in Tumorzellen Grund für die außerordentlich geringe cytotoxische Aktivität dieses Cyclophosphamid-Metaboliten.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1998

Structure/activity studies with thiazolidinyl- and perhydrothiazinyl-phosphamide ester

G. Voelcker; H. J. Hohorst

Abstract Structure/activity studies were carried out with thiazolidinyl- and perhydrothiazinylphosphamide ester, which differ in the structure of the phosphamide moiety and in the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis to activated oxazaphosphorines. Antitumour activity in mice with advanced P388 tumours growing subcutaneously was increased 30- to 40-fold when one 2-chloroethyl group in l-aldophosphamide-perhydrothiazine was substituted by a mesylethyl group.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1978

Zur Bindung von Cyclophosphamid und Cyclophosphamid-Metaboliten an Serum-Albumin

G. Voelcker; H.P. Giera; L. Jger; H. J. Hohorst

Cyclophosphamid und Metabolite des Cyclophosphamid wurden der Gleichgewichtsdialyse mit Rinderserumalbumin und menschlichem Blutserum unterworfen. Durch Auswertung nach Scatchard wurden Bindungsfestigkeit und Bindungsstochiometrie ermittelt.Cyclophosphamide and some of its major metabolites were dialyzed against bovine-serum-albumin and human-blood-serum until equilibrium. From Scatchard plots the strength and stoechiometry of protein-binding were determined. Cyclophosphamide, carboxyphosphamide and 4-ketocyclophosphamide were found to be bound only weakly and without specific binding sites. N-mustard-diamido-phosphoric-acid is bound to serum-albumin with 1,5 binding sites per protein molecule. The binding is strongly pH-dependend. The binding constant obtained from the Scatchard plot is 3.2×104 l/mol at 4° C and pH 7. No alkylation of the protein occured under the conditions of equilibrium dialysis but a strong reduction of the alkylating activity of N-mustard-diamido-phosphoric-acid was found to result from protein-binding. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide was bound to albumin, both, by specific reaction with free thiol-groups of the protein and by unspecific weak absorption. The specific binding is based on substitution of the activated oxazaphosphorin ring by free thiol-groups of the protein forming a thio-glycosid-like protein derivate. A binding constant of 2×104 l/mol at 4° C, pH 7 was determined. The reversibility of the reaction was proven by exchange of albumin-bound unlabelled 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide by tritiated 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. A strong stabilisation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and decrease in alkylating activity was found to result from protein-binding. In human-blood-serum only 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and N-mustard-diamido-phosphoric-acid showed a specific binding to protein. Free and protein-bound cyclophosphamide and metabolites could be separated by charcoal absorption. It could be demonstrated that 48 h after cyclophosphamide-injection blood-serum contained significant levels of protein-bound cyclophosphamide metabolites. Cyclophosphamid und Metabolite des Cyclophosphamid wurden der Gleichgewichtsdialyse mit Rinderserumalbumin und menschlichem Blutserum unterworfen. Durch Auswertung nach Scatchard wurden Bindungsfestigkeit und Bindungsstöchiometrie ermittelt. Cyclophosphamid selbst, sowie seine Entgiftungsprodukte Carboxyphosphamid und 4-Ketocyclophosphamid wurden nur schwach und ohne spezifische Bindungsstellen durch Absorption an Protein gebunden. N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid bindet sich im Verhältnis 1,5∶1 an Rinderserumalbumin. Die Bindung ist reversibel und stark pH-abhängig. Die Assoziationskonstante beträgt 3,2×104 l/Mol bei 4° C und pH 7. Eine Alkylierung des Proteins wurde unter den angewandten Versuchsbedingungen ausgeschlossen, vielmehr tritt als Folge der Protein-Bindung eine Verminderung der alkylierenden Aktivität von N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid ein. 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid, der primäre Metabolit des Cyclophosphamid wird neben einer unspezifischen schwachen Absorption reversibel an freie SH-Gruppen des Albumins gebunden. Die Assoziationskonstante beträgt 2×104 l/Mol bei 4° C, pH 7. Auch hier ist eine Alkylierung des Proteins ausgeschlossen, vielmehr handelt es sich um eine Thioglycosid-artige Substitution des aktivierten Oxazaphosphorinrings durch die freien Thiol-Gruppen des Proteins. Die Gleichgewichtsnatur der Reaktion wurde durch Austauschversuche nachgewiesen. Die Protein-Bindung bewirkt eine Inaktivierung des 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid mit verlangsamter Giftung (Alkylans-Freisetzung). Im menschlichen Blutserum ist die Bindung von Cyclophosphamid und Metaboliten an Proteine qualitativ vergleichbar mit der Bindung an Rinderserumalbumin; eine spezifische und stöchiometrische Bindung erfolgt nur mit 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid und N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid. Durch Absorption an Aktivkohle kann freies 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid von Protein-gebundenem abgetrennt werden. Nach Injektion von Cyclophosphamid lassen sich im Blutserum der Ratte noch nach 48 Std Protein-gebundene Cyclophosphamid-Metabolite nachweisen.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1976

Zum Problem der in vitro-Sensibilitätstestung von Tumoren gegen Cyclophosphamid. 3H-Uridineinbau in Ribonucleinsäure menschlicher Tumorzellen nach Inkubation mit 4-Hydro-peroxy-Cyclophosphamid

G. Bastert; G. Voelcker; G. Peter; H. Schmidt-Matthiesen; H. J. Hohorst

The utility of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide for testing the selectivity of human tumours cells against cyclophosphamide in vitro was studied. 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide in aqueous solution spontaneously decomposes to 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide, the primary product of metabolic activation of cyclophosphamide thus representing a new form of “activated” cyclophosphamide. From 31 human tumours including 21 mammarian-, 4 ovarial-, 2 uterine-carcinomas, 2 seminomas, 1 hypernephroma and 1 rectum-carcinoma cell suspensions were made and the effect on the 3H-Uridine- and the 3H-Thymidine-incorporation into the nucleic acids after short time incubation with the effect of 4-hydro-peroxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. 7 malignomas showed high sensitivity both against 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide and against 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. No additional inhibitory effect of the peroxyde function besides of that of the alkylating moiety of the molecule was found. Accordingly 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide because of its better availibility and stability may be used as “activated” cyclophosphamide in screening tests for cyclophosphamide-sensivity of human tumours in vitro. Es werden Versuche beschrieben, anstelle von 4-Hydroxy-Cyclophosphamid (dem biologischen Aktivierungsprodukt von Cyclophosphamid in vivo), das synthetisch besser zugängliche und stabilere 4-Hydroperoxy-Cyclophosphamid für die Sensibilitätstestung menschlicher Tumoren gegen Cyclophosphamid einzusetzen. 4-Hydro-peroxy-Cyclophosphamid geht in wässriger Lösung unter physiologischen Temperatur- und pH-Bedingungen spontan in 4-Hydroxy-Cyclophosphamid und dessen Folgeprodukte über und stellt demnach eine weitere Form von „aktiviertem“ Cyclophosphamid dar. Unsere Untersuchungen an 31 Tumoren (21 Mamma-, 4 Ovarial-, 2 Korpuscarcinome, 2 Seminome, 1 Hypernephrom und 1 Rektumcarcinom) zeigen, daß die Hemmung des 3H-Uridin- und des 3H-Thymidin-Einbaus in die Nukleinsäuren der Tumorzellen nach Kurzzeitinkubation mit 4-Hydro-peroxy-Cyclophosphamid und 4-Hydroxy-Cyclophosphamid praktisch gleich ist. 7 Malignome erwiesen sich in diesem Test als hochempfindlich gegenüber beiden Formen von aktiviertem Cyclophosphamid. Ein zusätzlicher Effekt der Peroxy-Funktion über den der alkylierenden N-Lostgruppe des 4-Hydro-peroxy-Cyclophosphamid hinaus war nicht meßbar. Wegen seiner besseren Verfügbarkeit und Haltbarkeit erscheint deshalb 4-Hydro-peroxy-Cyclophosphamid als aktivierte Form von Cyclophosphamid für die Sensibilitätstestung von Tumoren in vitro geeignet.


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | 1975

In vitro Sensibilitätstestung von Tumoren gegenüber aktiviertem Cyclophosphamid (4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid). Kurzzeitinkubation von Originaltumorzellen und 3H-Uridinbzw. 3H-Thymidineinbau

G. Bastert; H. Schmidt-Matthiesen; G. Voelcker; G. Peter; H. J. Hohorst

A new in vitro assay for screening the sensitivity of human tumour cells against Cyclophosphamide has been developed. While biologically activated Cyclophosphamide was unsuitable because of unpurities in the material, synthetic 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide was shown to inhibit the incorporation of tritiated uridine and thymidine into the nucleic acids of human tumour cells in vitro. 29 tumours including 14 mammarial carcinomas, 8 ovarial carcinomas and 7 other malignant tumours were tested. While 12 tumours showed a significant and 5 only a slight inhibition of the 3H-uridine incorporation in vitro. 12 tumours showed no effect. Histologically none-differentiated tumours were more sensitive against 4-Hydroxycyclo-phosphamide as compared with the more differentiated ones. First observations point to 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide instead of 4-Hydroxy-cyclophosphamide as a more suitable form of activated Cyclophosphamid for the in vitro assay of Cyclophosphamide sensitiveness because of the higher stability and better availability of this compound. Das Cytostaticum Cyclophosphamid (ENDOXAN®) wird in vivo über 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid zur Wirkform „gegiftet“ bzw. aktiviert. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß auf biologischem Weg aktiviertes Cyclophosphamid für in vitro Tumorsensibilitätsteste ungeeignet ist, da die Versuchsergebnisse durch die zwangsläufig mit zugesetzten Fremdeiweiße bzw. Leberextrakte verfälscht werden. Diese Schwierigkeiten lassen sich mit chemisch dargestelltem 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid umgehen. Bei 29 Tumortestungen (14 Mammacarcinome, 8 Ovarialcarcinome, 7 weitere Malignome) wurde mit Hilfe einer Kurzzeitinkubationstechnik die Einbauhemmung von 3H-Uridin und 3H-Thymidin geprüft. 12 Tumoren zeigten deutliche, 5 weitere mäßige Beeinträchtigungen des Einbaus der Nucleinsäurepräkursoren. 11 von 12 in vitro gegen 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid empfindliche Tumoren reagierten auch gegenüber anderen Cytostatica sensibel. Histologisch entdifferenzierte Tumoren waren empfindlicher gegenüber 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid als hochdifferenzierte Tumoren. Erste weiterführende Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, daß das nur geringe Zeit haltbare 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid in vitro ersetzbar ist durch 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamid. Diese Substanz ist bei −20° C mehrere Monate haltbar.

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G. Voelcker

Goethe University Frankfurt

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G. Bastert

Goethe University Frankfurt

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G. Peter

Goethe University Frankfurt

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E. Wrabetz

Goethe University Frankfurt

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Ludmilla Bielicki

Goethe University Frankfurt

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A. Schnee

Goethe University Frankfurt

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B. Pfeiffer

Goethe University Frankfurt

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H.P. Giera

Goethe University Frankfurt

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L. Jger

Goethe University Frankfurt

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