H.J. Scholten

Geographical information systems for urban and regional planning

I Geographical Information Systems and Planning.- 1 Geographical information systems: the emerging requirements.- 2 The application of geographical information systems in urban and regional planning.- 3 Growth of geographical information system applications in developing countries.- II Data Management.- 4 Intelligent information systems for accessing planning databases: the San Francisco experience.- 5 Geographical information systems database design: experiences of the Dutch National Physical Planning Agency.- III Urban Planning Applications.- 6 Information management within the planning process.- 7 Fixed asset management and geographical information systems in the Netherlands.- 8 Geographic information system development in Tacoma.- IV Decision Support Systems for Land Use Plannng.- 9 Regional planning for new housing in Randstad Holland.- 10 Geographical information system applications in environmental impact assessment.- 11 A geographical information system based decision support system for environmental zoning.- 12 Multicriteria analysis and geographical information systems: an application to agricultural land use in the Netherlands.- V Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Decision Support.- 13 The application of geographical information systems in the spatial analysis of crime.- 14 Spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a review of progress and possibilities.- 15 Geographical information systems and model based analysis: towards effective decision support systems.- 16 Decision support and geographical information systems.- VI Education and Management.- 17 Education in geographical information systems.- 18 How to cope with geographical information systems in your organisation.- VII Developments in Hardware and Software.- 19 Geoprocessing and geographic information system hardware and software: looking toward the 1990s.- 20 Geographical information systems and visualization.- VIII Information Based Societies.- 21 Geographical information systems in perspective.- References.- Color plates.

Modelling land-use change : progress and applications

Contributing Authors,- Preface,- Acknowledgements,- Modelling land-use change: Eric Koomen and John Stillwell,- Part I: Analysis of land-use trends and their driving forces,- Land-use change at cadastral parcel level in Albania: Louisa J.M. Jansen et al,- Driving forces of landscape change in the urbanizing Limmat Valley, Switzerland: Anna M. Hersperger and Matthias Burgi,- Landscape Changes in the Israeli Carmel Area: Michael Sonis et al ,- New land-use development processes associated with the acceleration of urbanisation in China: Zhi-Gang Wu et al,- Part II: Explanatory models of land-use change: Driving forces of land-use change in a cultural landscape of Spain: Juan Pena et al,- Empirically derived probability maps to downscale aggregated land-use data: Nicolas Dendoncker et al,- A spatial interaction model for agricultural uses: Joana Goncalves and Tomaz Dentinho,- Part III: Optimisation modelling: Spatial Optimisation in land-use allocation problems: Willem Loonen et al,- Sustainable land-use and water management in mountain ecosystems: Subrata K Mandal,- GeneticLand: modelling land-use change using evolutionary algorithms: Julia Seixaset al,- Part IV: Incorporation of new modelling approaches: Microsimulation of metropolitan employment deconcentration: Daniel Felsenstein et al,- Simulation of polycentric urban growth dynamics through agents: Wolfgang Loibl et al,- PUMA: multi-agent modelling of urban systems: Dick Ettema et al,- Integrating cellular automata and regional dynamics using GIS: Kampanart Piyathamrongchai and Michael Batty,- Part V: Operational land-use simulation models: A land-use modelling system for environmental impact assessment: Judith Borsboom-van Beurden et al,- The MOLAND modelling framework for urban and regional land-use dynamics: Guy Engelen et al,- Dynamic simulation of land-use change trajectories with the CLUE-s model: Peter H. Verburg and Koen P. Overmars,- Part VI: Land-use simulation for policyanalysis: Beyond growth? Decline of the urban fabric in Eastern Germany: Dagmar Haase et al,- Land-use Simulation for water management: Jasper Dekkers and Eric Koomen,- GIS-based modelling of land-use systems: Patrick Sheridanet al,- Appendix,- Index.

Modelling Land-Use Change

This first chapter explains some of the basic theoretical ideas, concepts and methodologies that underpin the modelling of land-use change. It represents an overview of the types of approaches that have been adopted by researchers hitherto. It also provides a rationale for the structure of the book and a synopsis of the contents that follow.

Multidimensional Urban Sprawl in Europe: A Self-Organizing Map Approach

The present paper addresses the issue of urban sprawl in Europe from a multidimensional point of view, identifying the most sprawled areas and characterizing them in terms of population size. The literature is reviewed to categorize and extract the most relevant six dimensions that define the concept and several indices are specified to implement them. These are then calculated for a sample of the main European cities that uses several sources to obtain the best possible dataset to measure urban sprawl. All this information is brought together using the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm to be visualized and further studied, taking advantage of its properties as a data-reduction as well as a clustering technique. The analysis locates the hot-spots of urban sprawl in Europe in the centre of the continent, around Germany, and characterizes such urban areas as small, always half the size of the average city of the sample.

Residential construction, land use and the environment. Simulations for the Netherlands using a GIS-based land use model

The present generation of geographical information systems supports strategic planning processes in several ways. They are able to store, manage and analyse the enormous amount of data needed. Another more output-oriented use is the visualisation of the diversity of locational preferences and perspectives of different interest groups and stakeholders. For the simulation of (more indirect) effects of autonomous or planned developments land use modelling can be applied. A step further is the definition and implementation of a set of indicators that show the impact of land use change on different aspects of space and the environment in order to facilitate the (political) discussions, that are an essential part of strategic planning.This paper focuses on the application of a GIS-based simulation model in the framework of the Fifth National Physical Planning Report in the Netherlands. The simulation model generates future land use in the Netherlands given several growth scenarios and a spatial strategy that comprises both foreseen strategic and autonomous developments. Special attention is paid to residential construction because this is expected to be one of the major driving forces in land use changes. An analysis of residential construction for the period 1980–1995 reveals that residential construction has been relatively concentrated in areas close to existing urban areas. New town policies also played a rather strong role during this period. The presence of natural areas (woods and wetlands) plays a significant though limited role in the choice where to build new dwellings. The simulation results for the year 2020 are used to assess the effects of land use changes for a range of environmental indicators.

Accounting for uncertainty factors in biodiversity impact assessment: lessons from a case study

For an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to effectively contribute to decision-making, it must include one crucial step: the estimation of the uncertainty factors affecting the impact evaluation and of their effect on the evaluation results. Knowledge of the uncertainties better orients the strategy of the decision-makers and underlines the most critical data or methodological steps of the procedure. Accounting for uncertainty factors is particularly relevant when dealing with ecological impacts, whose forecasts are typically affected by a high degree of simplification. By means of a case study dealing with the evaluation of road alternatives, this paper explores and discusses the main uncertainties that are related to the typical stages of a biodiversity impact assessment: uncertainty in the data that are used, in the methodologies that are applied, and in the value judgments provided by the experts. Subsequently, the effects of such uncertainty factors are tracked back to the result of the evaluation, i.e., to the relative performance of the project alternatives under consideration. This allows to test the sensitivity of the results, and consequently to provide a more informative ranking of the alternatives. The papers concludes by discussing the added-value for decision-making provided by uncertainty analysis within EIA.

Spatial information systems: design, modelling, and use in planning

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the role of spatial information systems in regional and urban planning. Experiences on the design, modelling and use of such systems are briefly commented upon. Special attention is then devoted to the potential of geographical information systems. Next the question of designing tailor-made information systems for planning is discussed. A triple layer methodology for integrating information systems in planning models is proposed, with a particular view on three steps: conceptual reflection, prototype experimentation and software design of operational software. Then, the link between information systems and spatial planning models is examined. The article concludes with a discussion on trajectories of choice for optimum planning uses of a given data input vis-a-vis optimum data inputs for given planning uses.

Geospatial Technology and the Role of Location in Science

This book originates from observations that whilst an increasing body of scholars and students are using geographical information and computing technologies (geo-ICT) across a widening range of academic disciplines, there is relatively little systematic knowledge about the way in which these technologies are being used or the impact that the adoption of geo-ICT is making on each discipline. In this introductory chapter, we set the scene by explaining our definition of geo-ICT and acknowledging the increasing importance of spatial concepts in scientific research. Thereafter, we review how scientific practice changes over time before explaining the structure of the book and outlining the key questions that contributors were asked to address which underline the two main aims of the book: to increase knowledge of the current use of Geo-ICT in scientific research and to come up with (methodological) strategies to promote more effective use of geo-ICT in the future.

Land Use Simulation for Europe

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. A Framework for European Land Use Simulation J. Stillwell, H. Scholten. Part I: Policy Perspectives, Driving Forces and Data Considerations. 2. The European Spatial Development Perspective: Process, Policies and Consensus P. Ungar. 3. European Spatial Planning: National and Regional Perspectives H. ten Velden, J. Stillwell. 4. Agriculture, Forestry and Nature: Trends and Developments Across Europe A. Bregt, K. de Zeeuw. 5. The Projection of Population, Households, Housing and Residential Land Use J. Stillwell, J. Debenham. 6. The Land Market: A Spatial Economic Perspective J. Buurman, P. Rietveld, H. Scholten. 7. The Role of Remote Sensing Techniques for European Land Use Database Construction H. Kramer, S. Mucher. 8. Towards a European Spatial Metadata Infrastructure to Facilitate Land Use Planning J. Abreu, H. Scholten. Part II: Modelling Environmental and Human Systems. 9. Land Cover Information for European Environmental Modelling J.-P. Hettelingh, M. Posch, P. de Smet. 10. Forecasting Global Climatic Change Impacts on Mediterranean Agricultural Land Use in the Twenty First Century S. Openshaw, A. Turner. 11. Demography, Economy and Urbanization: A Demo-Economic Regional Simulation Model L. van Wissen, C. Huisman. 12. Interregional Migration and Land Use Pressure B. Eiselt, N. Giglioli, R. Peckham. Part III: Evaluation and Visualisation Methods. 13. Towards a Sustainable Future of Cities in Europe: An Evaluation of SustainableCity Initiatives Using Multicriteria Decision Support Methods A. Finco, P. Nijkamp. 14. A Methodology for the Analysis of Spatial Conflicts in Transport Policies: Overview and Applications E. Beinat. 15. Virtual Reality and the Simulation of Europes Land Use in the Twenty First Century A. Camara. Part IV: The Development of a European Land Use Simulation System. 16. EuroScanner: A Simulation Model for Land Use Change in Europe P. Rietveld, H. Scholten, J. Stillwell. 17. A National Planning Application of EuroScanner in the Netherlands K. Schotten, C. Heunks. 18. A Regional Planning Application of EuroScanner in Portugal A.J. Wagtendonk. R.P. Juliao, K. Schotten. Subject Index.

Spatial Information Infrastructure for Scenario Planning: The Development of a Land Use Planner for Holland

In many industrialised countries, there have been significant changes in land use as a consequence of development processes. In the long term, more and more land has been used for urban and agricultural purposes. More recently, however, whilst the total area committed to urban land use has continued to increase, overproduction and intensification trends have led to a decline in the amount of agricultural land required. Moreover, the area of ‘natural’ land has increased in some countries in response to policies implemented by public and private agencies. The impact of different planning concepts on the land market, the environment and the urban and rural landscape can differ significantly. Scarcities of space, conflicting land use types as well as multi-actor decision-making have contributed to the increasing complexity within the planning process. Present planning methods lack the capacity to take different sources of (spatial) information into account and thus neglect the complexity of land use planning and development.