Hae Gwon Jang

Portable document format file showing the surface models of cadaver whole body.

In the Visible Korean project, 642 three-dimensional (3D) surface models have been built from the sectioned images of a male cadaver. It was recently discovered that popular PDF file enables users to approach the numerous surface models conveniently on Adobe Reader. Purpose of this study was to present a PDF file including systematized surface models of human body as the beneficial contents. To achieve the purpose, fitting software packages were employed in accordance with the procedures. Two-dimensional (2D) surface models including the original sectioned images were embedded into the 3D surface models. The surface models were categorized into systems and then groups. The adjusted surface models were inserted to a PDF file, where relevant multimedia data were added. The finalized PDF file containing comprehensive data of a whole body could be explored in varying manners. The PDF file, downloadable freely from the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr), is expected to be used as a satisfactory self-learning tool of anatomy. Raw data of the surface models can be extracted from the PDF file and employed for various simulations for clinical practice. The technique to organize the surface models will be applied to manufacture of other PDF files containing various multimedia contents.

Accessible and Informative Sectioned Images and Surface Models of a Cadaver Head

Abstract The sectioned images and surface models of a cadaver head in the Visible Korean Project would be more beneficial if they were accessible and informative. To this aim, 3 policies were established: (1) the data are promptly obtainable and observable; (2) the graphic data are accompanied by explaining the anatomic terms; and (3) two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models are shown together. According to the policies, the following were attempted. Two hundred thirty-five couples of sectioned images and outlined images (intervals, 1 mm) of the head were prepared. Browsing software was developed where the 2 corresponding images were displayed simultaneously. In addition, the structures in the images were recognized with the aid of automatic labeling. From the outlined images, surface models of 178 head structures were constructed. The two-dimensional surface models including the sectioned images were embedded into the three-dimensional surface models. All the models were categorized into systems and arranged to be inputted to a PDF (portable document format) file. The finalized PDF file containing comprehensive head data could be explored on Adobe Reader. If the user clicked on the surface models, their anatomic names were highlighted. The sectioned images, outlined images, and surface models in the browsing software and PDF file can be downloaded from the homepage (anatomy.co.kr) free of charge. The state-of-the-art graphic information will hopefully assist medical students in learning head anatomy. In addition, the raw data are expected to contribute to the various clinical practice simulations.

Segmentation and surface reconstruction of the detailed ear structures, identified in sectioned images.

The structure of the ear, which intervenes between gross anatomy and histology in size, can be best understood by means of three‐dimensional (3D) surface models on a computer. Furthermore, surface models are the source of interactive simulation for clinical trials, such as tympanoplasty. The objective of this research was to elaborate the surface models of detailed ear structures, which contribute to learning anatomy or the practice of otology. We produced sectioned images of a cadaver head (pixel size, 0.1 mm; 48‐bit color). In the sectioned images, the external, middle, and internal ear structures and other related components were delineated on Photoshop to acquire segmented images at 0.5‐mm intervals. Segmented images of each structure were stacked, and the surface was reconstructed to generate a 3D‐surface model on commercial software. Thirty surface models showed fine ear topographic anatomy (e.g., semicircular ducts), as expected. Herein, we present the corresponding sectioned images, segmented images, and surface models of ear structures that will be released together. It is hoped that these image data will stimulate the development of medical simulations. The efficient technique of segmentation and surface reconstruction enables the manufacture of surface models from other serial images (e.g., CTs and MRIs). Anat Rec, 2011.

Two-Dimensional Sectioned Images and Three-Dimensional Surface Models for Learning the Anatomy of the Female Pelvis

In the Visible Korean project, serially sectioned images of the pelvis were made from a female cadaver. Outlines of significant structures in the sectioned images were drawn and stacked to build surface models. To improve the accessibility and informational content of these data, a five‐step process was designed and implemented. First, 154 pelvic structures were outlined with additional surface reconstruction to prepare the image data. Second, the sectioned and outlined images (in a browsing software) as well as the surface models (in a PDF file) were placed on the Visible Korean homepage in a readily‐accessible format. Third, all image data were visualized with interactive elements to stimulate creative learning. Fourth, two‐dimensional (2D) images and three‐dimensional (3D) models were superimposed on one another to provide context and spatial information for students viewing these data. Fifth, images were designed such that structure names would be shown when the mouse pointer hovered over the 2D images or the 3D models. The state‐of‐the‐art sectioned images, outlined images, and surface models, arranged and systematized as described in this study, will aid students in understanding the anatomy of female pelvis. The graphic data accompanied by corresponding magnetic resonance images and computed tomographs are expected to promote the production of 3D simulators for clinical practice. Anat Sci Educ 6: 316–323.

Virtual Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Exploration of Stomach Wall Based on a Cadaver's Sectioned Images

We intended to determine that virtual endoscopy and laparoscopy of the stomach based on serially sectioned cadaver images is beneficial. Therefore, the outlines between the gastric wall and lumen were traced using the new female data of the Visible Korean to build a volume model. While the outlines were expanded at appropriate thicknesses, the stomach was observed endoscopically and laparoscopically in comparison with a chosen sectioned image. Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa) of the stomach were discernible by their proper colors in the sectioned images. All layers except the submucosa were identified in the endoscopic and laparoscopic views by using consistent colors. The stepwise expansion of the outlines revealed thickness of each layer as well as whether the thickness was uniform. Our ideas and the Visible Korean images could be a robust resource of virtual reality learning for medical students and clinicians. Graphical Abstract

Software to Browse the Pictures of Two Knees in Diverse States of Dissection, Flexion and Rotation

El objetivo de este estudio fue producir imagenes de las rodillas de un cadaver embalsamado y otro de cadaver fresco, con diversos niveles de diseccion, flexion y rotacion, con el fin de ayudar a los estudiantes de medicina y a los medicos, en el estudio de la anatomia de la rodilla. En este estudio, la intencion fue mejorar la accesibilidad de las numerosas fotografias de la rodilla, mediante la introduccion de estas, producidas en nuestro propio programa de navegacion. El programa se puede descargar de forma gratuita desde la pagina web (anatomy.co.kr). En el programa, una matriz que constaba de cuatro fotografias: una rodilla a tres profundidades diferentes de diseccion y la misma rodilla en el estado flexionado. La rodilla podia girar de forma interactiva en cada angulo de 5°. Anotacion de las estructuras importantes de la rodilla podian ser vistas a intervalos de 90° de angulo. Con el software de navegacion, los usuarios pudieron observar caracteristicas detalladas y realistas de las rodillas flexionadas y disecadas. Ademas, la comparacion de las rodillas embalsamadas y frescas mejora la comprension de la apariencia real de la rodilla. Los datos del programa y de imagen extraible se pueden utilizar como materiales de educacion en anatomia para diversos fines.

Portable Document Format File Containing the Surface Models to Learn the Stereoscopic Shape of Foot Muscles

El objetivo de este estudio fue un archivo en formato de documento portatil (PDF) que contiene modelos de superficie estereoscopicas del pie. Mientras que otros modelos de superficie se dibujan subjetivamente sobre la base de los conocimientos anatomicos, nuestros modelos seccionados se reconstruyen a partir de imagenes de alta calidad. A diferencia de otros modelos, nuestro modelo en el archivo PDF tambien se puede guardar en los computadores de los usuarios individuales para ser manipulados fuera de linea. Se delineo la piel, 27 huesos, 24 musculos, y 19 ligamentos en los pies de un cadaver de sexo masculino del proyecto Visible Korean. Despues de apilar los contornos de las estructuras, que no fuera las de los ligamentos, se llevo a cabo la reconstruccion de las superficies. Los modelos de superficie resultantes se colocan en un archivo PDF, en el que los modelos podrian ser superpuestos en cualquiera de las correspondientes imagenes seccionadas o las imagenes de contorno a color. Se establecieron marcadores de PDF para exhibir los grupos de musculos del pie comodamente. El archivo PDF preparado de esta investigacion probablemente sea muy util para la comprension de la anatomia topografica de los musculos del pie. Los modelos que contiene pueden ser extraidos por otros investigadores para la diseccion o cirugia de visualizacion virtual de los pies.