Haley P Bell

Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers Volume 1-Summary

Asphalt pavements with delamination problems experience considerable early damage because delaminations provide paths for moisture damage and the development of damage such as stripping, slippage cracks, and pavement deformation. Early detection of the existence, extent, and depth of delaminations in asphalt pavements is key for determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy and thus extending the life of the given pavement. This report presents the findings of the first two phases of Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Renewal Project R06D, Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers. The main objective of the project was to develop nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The NDT techniques should be applicable to construction, project design, and network-level assessments. During Phase 1 of the project, the research team evaluated NDT methods that could potentially detect the most typical delaminations in asphalt pavements. Both laboratory and field testing were conducted during this task. Based on the findings from this testing, the manufacturers of two promising technologies conducted further development of their products to meet the goals of this project in Phase 2. The two technologies advanced in this research were ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and impact echo/spectral analysis of surface waves (IE/SASW). Additionally, the project developed guidelines and piloted both NDT technologies in collaboration with highway agencies. Once completed, the results from this additional scope of work will be published as an addendum to this report.

Evaluation of remaining fatigue life model for hot-mix asphalt airfield pavements

Several design criteria exist for predicting the fatigue life of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. Researchers previously developed an Aged Asphalt fatigue criterion from laboratory testing of aged field HMA airfield pavements. This criterion is unique because the majority of the existing fatigue criteria were developed from laboratory-prepared specimens. In this paper, a comparison of the Department of Defense (DoD), the Asphalt Institute (AI) and the Aged Asphalt fatigue models was completed for the HMA surfaces. The analysis showed that the Aged Asphalt fatigue criterion was more conservative than the DoD and AI fatigue criteria at low strain levels and low pavement modulus values. Furthermore, the Aged Asphalt fatigue criterion revealed that fatigue life decreased with increasing strains but increased with increasing modulus values. After evaluating the potential causes of this unexpected trend in detail, it is reasonable to expect that stiffer in situ mixes will have a longer fatigue life than less stiff mixes.

Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery: Deployable Saw Technology Evaluation

This report presents a technical evaluation of selected saw technologies, tools, and methodologies for improving the efficiency of sawing around damaged pavement associated with crater repair. Previous evaluations of saw technologies identified the Caterpillar SW345B and SW360B wheel saw attachments as the best tools for cutting portland cement concrete for Rapid Airfield Damage Recovery (RADR). However, the next generation of RADR is focusing on lighter and leaner efforts, particularly in regards to equipment size. Selected saw technologies slightly larger and heavier were included in the evaluation in hopes that the saw-cutting rates increased significantly from those of the Caterpillar SW345B and SW360B wheel saw attachments. The evaluation results of all selected saw technologies were compared to the performance of the Caterpillar SW345B and SW360B wheel saws. Results indicate the wheel saw attachments tested are not lighter, leaner, or faster than the SW345B and SW360B wheel saw attachments. The results also showed that a diamond-blade saw attachment, when compared to a walk-behind diamond-blade saw currently utilized for ADR, is more ideal for concrete crater repairs. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/GSL TR-17-29 iii

Correction for the asphalt overlay thickness of flexible pavements considering pavement conditions

Abstract Pavement overlays represent a common technique used for pavement rehabilitation and maintenance and to increase the structural support of the pavements. In the Department of Defense, the methodology for the design of flexible pavement overlays is contained in the Unified Facilities Criteria 03-260-02 criteria and involves the use of an empirically derived formulation. The overlay design of flexible pavements is based on the thicknesses of the existing asphalt, base and subbase layers and the required minimum thickness for the asphalt layer. However, this formulation does not take into account the quality or the structural condition of the existing surface layers. The current formulation considers the materials to have full structural strength and no deterioration. This study proposes an improved methodology for calculating the required flexible overlay thickness of a flexible pavement by taking into account the structural condition of the existing asphalt layer. An asphalt thickness correction factor is introduced to quantify the amount of the existing asphalt layer thickness that can still offer structural support, and therefore influence the overlay thickness. The asphalt correction factor is based on the existing load-related distresses affecting the asphalt surface. The implementation of this new approach showed that an asphalt layer in poor condition requires up to 60% more in thickness than an asphalt layer in good condition. The proposed methodology aims to standardise the design and evaluation of flexible pavements overlaid with asphalt layers and account for existing structural conditions. Moreover, allocation of maintenance funding can be optimised, thus limiting pavement overdesign.

Inclement weather crater repair tool kit

During the period October 2015 through May 2016, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg, MS, worked to develop a prototype tool kit comprised of equipment and materials needed to repair concrete and asphalt craters on airfield pavements during times of inclement weather. The tool kit is used to supplement an existing crater repair tool kit developed for fair weather scenarios. The items selected for inclusion in the kit were based on previous research and evaluation of crater repair methods and during specific full-scale inclement weather crater repair experiments. This report presents a summary of the research conducted to help determine the prototype Inclement Weather Crater Repair Tool Kit contents and also presents the specific details of the kit, including inventory and drawings. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/GSL TR-17-26 iii

Fuzzy cluster approach for area FWD representative basin from deflection measurement spatial variability

ABSTRACT Pavement evaluation surveys represent the key element for efficient pavement management and for assuring pavement mission capability. In the Department of Defense (DOD), the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-260-03 Airfield Pavement Evaluation provides the current guidance for pavement structural evaluations. During structural surveys, FWD tests are executed at different locations within the same section, with the objective of obtaining a full assessment of the section’s structural capability. The availability of multiple deflection measurements for the same section raises the challenge of identifying the deflection basin best representing the entire section and its use in the backcalculation routine to determine the section’s structural strength. This manuscript proposes a fuzzy-based approach for the selection of a representative basin over multiple deflection basins collected for a specific section. The approach accounted for the spatial variability enclosed within the basin membership function obtained by fuzzy c-mean partitioning. The proposed methodology showed promising results for flexible pavements by offering more robust structural assessment that can account for spatial variability and thus minimise some aspects of mission risk that had a large effect on funding allocation and mission readiness.

Evaluating Sustainability of Face Bricks for Road and Airfield Pavements

The feasibility of using face bricks as an alternative to concrete or asphalt paving was evaluated for lightweight and heavyweight vehicle traffic. Paving materials and equipment can be scarce in expeditionary environments, so the use of bricks recycled from existing infrastructure may provide a local resource for constructing pavements suitable for meeting the militarys mission requirements. The field testing documented in this paper follows a laboratory study in which a series of strength and characterization tests were conducted on selected face bricks and brick pavers. The success of the laboratory testing led to the full-scale field evaluation of the face and paver bricks trafficked with a commercial dump truck load of approximately 24.5 t and then trafficked with a 20.4 t single-wheel C-17 aircraft load cart. The field testing indicated brick-paved roads constructed with a moderately high-strength base are capable of sustaining more than 10 000 passes of truck traffic without failure. The same brick-paved roads were not capable of withstanding C-17 aircraft traffic. Further results from the evaluation are presented and include material characterization test data, rut depth measurements, wheel path and cross-section profile measurements, instrumentation response data, and forensic assessments.

Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers Volume 2-Theoretical Models

Asphalt pavements with delamination problems experience considerable early damage because delaminations provide paths for moisture damage and the development of damage such as stripping, slippage cracks, and pavement deformation. Early detection of the existence, extent, and depth of delaminations in asphalt pavements is key for determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy and thus extending the life of the given pavement. This report presents the findings of the first two phases of the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Renewal Project R06D, Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers. The main objective of the project was to develop nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The NDT techniques should be applicable to construction, project design, and network-level assessments. During Phase 1 of the project, the research team evaluated NDT methods that could potentially detect the most typical delaminations in asphalt pavements. Both laboratory and field testing were conducted during this task. Based on the findings from this testing, the manufacturers of two promising technologies conducted further development of their products to meet the goals of this project in Phase 2. The two technologies advanced in this research were ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and impact echo/spectral analysis of surface waves (IE/SASW). Additionally, the project developed guidelines and piloted both NDT technologies in collaboration with highway agencies. Once completed, the results from this additional scope of work will be published as an addendum to this report. This volume of the report describes the controlled evaluations used in the development of NDT techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in HMA pavements.

Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers, Volume 5 - Field Core Verification

Asphalt pavements with delamination problems experience considerable early damage because delaminations provide paths for moisture damage and the development of damage such as stripping, slippage cracks, and pavement deformation. Early detection of the existence, extent, and depth of delaminations in asphalt pavements is key for determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy and thus extending the life of the given pavement. Disciplines Civil and Environmental Engineering Comments This report is from Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers, Volume 5 Field Core Verification, SHRP 2 Report S2-R06D-RW-5, 2013. Authors Michael Heitzman, Kenneth Maser, Nam H. Tran, Ray Brown, Haley Bell, Steve Holland, Halil Ceylan, Kimberly Belli, and Dennis Hiltunen This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ccee_reports/20 Accelerating solutions for highway safety, renewal, reliability, and capacity Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers Volume 5 RepoRt S2-R06D-RW-5 TransporTaTion research Board 2013 execuTive commiTTee* Officers Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia ViCe Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing exeCutiVe DireCtor: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MeMbers Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C. Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock William A. V. Clark, Professor of Geography (emeritus) and Professor of Statistics (emeritus), Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Transportation Commission, Huntsville, Utah Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, Louisiana Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation, Providence Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany Donald A. Osterberg, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security, Schneider National, Inc., Green Bay, Wisconsin Steve Palmer, Vice President of Transportation, Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, North Carolina Sandra Rosenbloom, Director, Innovation in Infrastructure, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. (Past Chair, 2012) Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; University of California, Davis Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, Texas Phillip A. Washington, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, Colorado ex OfficiO MeMbers Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Marietta, Georgia Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation David T. Matsuda, Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Lucy Phillips Priddy, Research Civil Engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Polly Trottenberg, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California Gregory D. Winfree, Acting Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. *Membership as of April 2013. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org RepoRt S2-R06D-RW-5 The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers

Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers, Volume 4 - Uncontrolled Evaluation Reports

Asphalt pavements with delamination problems experience considerable early damage because delaminations provide paths for moisture damage and the development of damage such as stripping, slippage cracks, and pavement deformation. Early detection of the existence, extent, and depth of delaminations in asphalt pavements is key for determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy and thus extending the life of the given pavement. This report presents the findings of the first two phases of Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Renewal Project R06D, Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers. The main objective of the project was to develop nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The NDT techniques should be applicable to construction, project design, and network-level assessments. During Phase 1 of the project, the research team evaluated NDT methods that could potentially detect the most typical delaminations in asphalt pavements. Both laboratory and field testing were conducted during this task. Based on the findings from this testing, the manufacturers of two promising technologies conducted further development of their products to meet the goals of this project in Phase 2. The two technologies advanced in this research were ground penetrating radar and impact echo/spectral analysis of surface waves. Additionally, the project developed guidelines and piloted both NDT technologies in collaboration with highway agencies. Once completed, the results from this additional scope of work will be published as an addendum to this report. This volume describes the field core verifications used in the development of NDT techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in HMA pavements.