Hans Junek

Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils: Preparation and use of rape oil methyl ester

Abstract Austrias own supply of vegetable oils and protein feedstuff is discussed. Vegetable oils can also be used as diesel fuel in farming machinery and may therefore ensure continued cultivation during an energy crisis. As there are problems connected with the utilization of pure vegetable oils in engines, an inexpensive and simple method for the transformation of large quantities of rape oil into its methyl ester is outlined. The specifications of this improved fuel are given and the results of a long-term engine test are discussed. Special attention is given to the formation of deposits and the dilution of lubrication oil with fuel.

Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, II: Emission tests using rape oil methyl ester

Alcoholysis of vegetable oils leads to fatty acid esters, which have surprisingly good properties as diesel fuels. The emissions of two different methyl ester fuels derived from rape seed oil are measured in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. The fuel specifications and the values for gaseous emissions (HC, CO, NOx, aldehydes) as well as for particulate emissions (particulates, PAH) are compared with those of common diesel fuels.

Darstellung,E/Z-Isomerie und gehinderte Rotation an N-substituierten Aminomethylen-chromandionen,-pyrandionen und-pyridindionen

The synthesis of N-substituted 3-aminomethylene-derivatives of 2,4-chromandiones, 6-methyl-pyrandiones and 1,6-dimethyl-2,4-pyridinediones is described. Stereochemistry of the mentioned enaminoketones is studied,E andZ isomers can be observed and the hindered rotation of the C—N bond is investigated by1H-NMR-spectroscopy at variable temperatures.

Synthesen von Heterocyclen. 22. Mitt.: Eine Synthese des 4-Hydroxy-carbostyrils und seiner Derivate

4-Hydroxy-carbostyril kann aus Anilin und Benzylmalonsaure-bis-(2,4-dichlorphenol)-ester (Bzm.-Ester) uber das 3-Benzyl-4-hydroxy-carbostyril als Zwischenprodukt synthetisiert werden. Analog verlauft die Umsetzung mit N-Methyl-, N-Phenyl- und N-Benzyl-anilin.

Über Anilinomethylenverbindungen der Cyclohexandione

Abstract1.3-Cyclohexanediones easily react with aromatic amines and triethyl orthoformate yielding enaminoketones. With malononitrile and KOH hexahydroquinolinediones can be obtained, in the presence of piperidine cyclisation to hexahydroisoquinolinones occurs. The way of cyclisation depends upon the amine part of the used enaminoketones.

β,β-diacyl-enamine und -enole: IV. Eine 1H-NMR- und UV-spektroskopische untersuchung der β,β-Diacyl-enaminogruppe

Zusammenfassung Neununddreisig β,β-Diacylenamine mit dem Strukturelement A wurden 1 H-NMR- und UV-spektroskopisch hinsichtlich ihrer Tautomerie-, Konfigurations- und Konformationsverhaltnisse untersucht. Alle liegen in der Enaminform vor, unsymmetrische β,β-Diacylenamine dabei als Gemische von E/Z-Isomeren, von denen eine Form meist stark uberwiegt. Auf der Grundlage der von Dabrowski und Kamienska-Trela [3] fur einfach Enaminoketone angegebenen Werte werden Spektralinkremente angefuhrt, die eine empirische Anschatzung der zu erwartenden UV-Maxima erlauben. Die Standardabweichung betragt 4 nm.

Über einige Kondensationsreaktionen von dimerem Malonitril, dimerem Cyanessigsäureäthyl- bzw.-methylester mit aromatischen Aldehyden

Aromatic aldehydes (1 a-g) yield linear condensation products (3 a-1) with dimeric ethyl and methyl cyanoacetate, resp., and dimeric malonitrile. Reduction of the condensation product of o-nitrobenzaldehyde with dimeric methyl cyanoacetate leads to methyl (3-methoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydro-2-chinolinylidene)-cyanoacetate (4), with o-aminobenzaldehyde a carbostyril derivative5 a is obtained. In the presence of ammonium acetate aromatic aldehydes react with dimeric methyl and ethyl cyanoacetate, resp. to hexahydro-pyrimidinylidene cyanoacetates (8).

Synthesen von Alkyl-bzw. Cycloalkylpyridinen und Naphthyridinen

Condensation reactions of alkyl-and cycloalkylenaminoketones, resp. with cyanoacetamide, malononitrile and 2-amino-1-propene-1,1,3-tricarbonitrile (2) are investigated. Hydrolysis of dicyanomethylene substituted alkyl-dihydropyridines3 leads to 1,6-naphthyridines4 and5. With 2-morpholino-1-cyclohexenyl-1-ethanone (6) isoquinolines8 and9 are obtained. Condensation of 2-morpholinomethylene-cycloalkanones11 yields cycloalkanepyridines12 and13. 2-Morpholinomethylene-1,3-cyclohexanediones18 with malononitrile give the quinolinones20.

Zur Synthese von Alkoxymethylenmalonitrilen, Tetracyanpropeniden und hochsubstituierten α-Aminopyridinen

Malononitrile reacts with triethyl orthoformate,-orthoacetate,-orthopropionate and-orthobenzoate, resp., in the presence of different amounts of pyridine to ethoxymethylene-malononitriles and pyridinium 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-propenides, resp. The latter can easily be cyclised to 2-amino-6-chloro-3,5-dicyano-(4-alkyl and aryl, resp.)-pyridines. The synthesis of the α-aminopyridines can be carried out as one step reactions starting with malononitrile and orthoformate.

Structure-color correlations of penta- and heptamethines: Syntheses with nitriles XCIV

Abstract The synthesis of asymmetric cyanine dyes (penta- and heptamethines), prepared by coupling Fischers base with indandione, benzo[b]thiophene and pyrazole derivatives via a C-1 unit, is described. Three different synthetic strategies for substituted polymethines are presented. Dye characteristics are given and the correlation between the chemical structures and the dye properties are discussed by means of semiempirical PPP calculations.