Harun Turker

Low-Voltage Transformer Loss-of-Life Assessments for a High Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

In the coming years, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate the French car fleet. Their impact on each element of the electric distribution grid needs to be estimated. In this paper, the impact of PHEVs on the life duration of the medium-voltage/low-voltage (LV) transformer using a thermal model to estimate the hot-spot temperature is studied. Based on probabilistic algorithms, three penetration rates of PHEVs are studied. A stochastic method is applied to construct domestic daily load profiles of houses constituting an LV residential electric grid supplied by the transformer. Correlated with the initial load rate (without PHEVs) of the transformer, two indices are proposed; the DTR_PHEV_X and VTR_PHEV_X to calculate, respectively, the life duration and aging rate of transformer in the presence of PHEVs. It is shown that the aging rate of the transformer is quadratic in the presence of PHEVs.

Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) on the French electric grid

Currently the automotive sector is undergoing a major change. During the next years it is expected that there will be a considerable increase in the numbers of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Based on different charging scenarios, this paper investigates the impact of PHEVs on the French electric grid. Solutions are proposed to increase the maximum penetration rate. Hence we estimate that the French electric grid can accommodate 72% of PHEVs in 2015. This makes it possible to reduce oil imports for France by 22.5% and CO2 emissions due to road transport by 18%.

Modelling of system components for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) applications with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

In the coming years, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate in the car fleet. Currently, this theme represents an important area of research. In this paper, we proposed and make available all tools to conduct research on the impact of PHEVs on electric grids or to realize the energy management for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) applications with PHEVs.

Rule-Based Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs): Impacts on the Aging Rate of Low-Voltage Transformers

Massive deployment of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the coming years will create more challenges for the power system including the aging rate of transformers. It will be an essential requirement to propose solutions to minimize the impacts related to the integration of PEVs. Special attention must be given to the residential electric grid where charging will mostly take place. In this paper, first we propose a rule-based (RB) algorithm which determines the minimum charging power levels of home-charged PEVs with/without a charging ban during peak hours. Second, we evaluate the consequences of supplying an RB algorithm on life duration of a low-voltage transformer supplying a residential area.

Aging rate of low voltage transformer for a high penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

In the coming years, the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate in the French car fleet. This needs to estimate their impact on each element of the distribution electric grid. Based on house and transformer Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) models generator and probabilistic algorithms of PHEVs connections, this paper proposes the VTR_PHEV index to calculate the aging rate caused by the integration of PHEVs correlated with the load rate without PHEVs of MV/LV transformer. It is shown that aging rate of the transformer is quadratic in presence of PHEVs.

Load rates of low voltage transformers and medium voltage profile assessments on a real distribution electric grid based on average Daily Load Profile (DLP) of a housing for a high penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)

This paper assesses the impact of PHEVs on a real medium voltage distribution electric grid based on average Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) of a PHEV and of a housing. For three penetration rates, we show the important effects on load rates of low voltage transformers which compose the studied urban substation. Nevertheless, we demonstrate the robustness of medium voltage electric grid for the high penetration of PHEVs because the ηV index proposed which assess the quality of the voltage supplied to low voltage transformers reached a minimum of 98.2%.

Voltage profile and excess subscription assessments indexes based on random selection of real Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) on residential electric grid areas for a high penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

The Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate in the coming years. Based on domestics Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) models generator and probabilistic algorithm of PHEVs connections, this paper assesses the impact of PHEVs on a typical residential low voltage electric grid of 96 houses. For this purpose, two indexes are proposed in order to assess the limits of PHEVs penetration rate, the ηD for excess subscription contracts and ηV index for voltage drop. For the considered electric grid, a massive deployment of PHEVs without management increase the risk of excess subscriptions because index proposed decreases to 87% in summer and 78.8% in winter for houses without electric heating. The ηD index reaches a minimum of 76.5% in winter for houses with electric heating. Finally, the voltage profile of this electric grid is very impacted because the ηV index proposed decrease to 85.8% in summer and 81% in winter.

Current unbalance reduction in three-phase systems using single phase PHEV chargers

A method to reduce the current three phase unbalance using single phase Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) chargers is presented in this paper. A reduction in the voltage unbalance has been achieved as a consequence of the mitigation of the current unbalance. The method performs the reactive power management on the PHEV charger in order to reduce the unbalance factor without affecting the battery charging time or charging power. The method works under restrictions to preserve the voltage quality. A simulation on Matlab-Simulink® of a three phase housing group with power profiles, initial states of charge, charging start time and PHEV category randomly selected is presented. A reduction of 50 % at some times in the day is illustrated.

Rule based algorithm for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) integration in residential electric grid areas

The Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate in the car fleet for the coming years. Based on databases of the houses Daily Loads Profiles (DLPs) build from real electricity consumption of domestics electrical devices, this paper determines the minimal load power of PHEVs which assures the complete recharge of batteries before the next reuse of vehicles while avoiding recharging during the peak hours. A Rule Based algorithm is developed which allows to PHEVs constructors to limit PHEVs charging current to 8A if they are charged at home. In match with different levels of the load powers existing in France, we recommend a maximum load power chargers for PHEVs charged in residential electric grid areas equals to 1840W (230V×8A) which ensures that 100% of the PHEVs batteries have a State of Charge (SOC) equals to 100% for the next use.

A tool of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept for voltage plan control of residential electric grid areas with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) will strongly penetrate in the car fleet. Because of their capacity of energy storage and their connection point that will be uniform on the low voltage residential electric grid in the case of home-charged, PHEVs are very suitable to provide services to the system (or Vehicle-to-Grid application) and thus support electric grids especially for voltage plan control. Thus, this paper proposes a mathematical relationship that defines the ability to control the average voltage plan of a low voltage residential electric grid in function of charge power of all PHEVs connected to the electric grid.