Hayati Filik

Simultaneous derivative spectrophotometric determination of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) by dithizone without extraction

Dithizone (Dz), a common extractive-photometric ligand for Co(II) and Ni(II), has been dissolved in the water-miscible solvent tetrahydrofurane (THF) so as to constitute a reagent for both metals in aqueous phase without extraction. Complex formation was complete for both metals at pH 12.0 (adjusted by aqueous NH(3)) within 30 min, and the complexes were stable for at least 2 h. First-derivative spectra of the metal dithizonates (singly or as binary mixtures) were preferred to ordinary spectra, because working wavelength determination was more precise and spectral overlap was less. Two wavelengths at which the spectral overlap was minimum were selected as analytical wavelengths, i.e. 620 nm for Co and 740 nm for Ni, and the calibration curves drawn with zero-to-peak values as a function of concentration were linear for these wavelengths. Thus, the total (1)D values at 620 and 740 nm of the mixtures were used to determine Co and Ni concentrations. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the analysis of Co (3.0 mg l(-1)) individually was 3.5%, and for its admixture with Ni (3.5 mg l(-1)) was 2.5%. The R.S.D. for the analysis of Ni (5.9 mg l(-1)) individually and for its admixture with Co (1.8 mg l(-1)) were 5.5 and 5.8%, respectively. The linear range in (1)D evaluation was between 5.0x10(-6) and 1.0x10(-4) M for Co and 2.0x10(-5)-2.0x10(-4) M for Ni. Interference analysis was performed for individual metal (Co or Ni) determinations. Finally, the method has been applied to a Ni-Cr-based dental alloy (Wiron 99) successfully.

Selective cloud point extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination of molybdenum (VI) ion in seawater samples.

A cloud point extraction process using the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 to extract molybdenum from aqueous solutions was investigated. The method is based on the complexation reaction of Mo(VI) with 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione (quinalizarine: QA) and micelle-mediated extraction of the complex. The enriched analyte in the surfactant-rich phase was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The optimal extraction and reaction conditions (e.g. pH, reagent and surfactant concentrations, temperature, incubation and centrifugation times) were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for Mo(VI) was 7.0 ng L(-1) with an preconcentration factor of approximately 25 when 10 mL of sample solution was preconcentrated to 0.4 mL. The proposed method (with extraction) showed linear calibration within the range 0.03-0.6 microg L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 3.7% (C(Mo(VI))=0.05 microg L(-1), n=5) for pure standard solutions, whereas RSD for the recoveries from real samples ranged between 2 and 8% (mean RSD=3.9%). The method was applied to the determination of Mo(VI) in seawater and tap water samples with a recovery for the spiked samples in the range of 98-103%. The interference effect of some cations and anions was also studied. In the presence of foreign ions, no significant interference was observed. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, a certified reference water sample was analysed and the results obtained were in good agreement with the certified values.

Square-wave stripping voltammetric determination of caffeic acid on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide–Nafion composite film

An electrochemical sensor composed of Nafion-graphene nanocomposite film for the voltammetric determination of caffeic acid (CA) was studied. A Nafion graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode was fabricated by a simple drop-casting method and then graphene oxide was electrochemically reduced over the glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical analysis method was based on the adsorption of caffeic acid on Nafion/ER-GO/GCE and then the oxidation of CA during the stripping step. The resulting electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytical response to the oxidation of caffeic acid (CA). The electrochemistry of caffeic acid on Nafion/ER-GO modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were studied by cyclic voltammetry and square-wave adsorption stripping voltammetry (SW-AdSV). At optimized test conditions, the calibration curve for CA showed two linear segments: the first linear segment increased from 0.1 to 1.5 and second linear segment increased up to 10 µM. The detection limit was determined as 9.1×10(-8) mol L(-1) using SW-AdSV. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used to determine CA in white wine samples.

Selective determination of total vanadium in water samples by cloud point extraction of its ternary complex

A highly sensitive micelle-mediated extraction methodology for the preconcentration of trace levels of vanadium as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been developed. Vanadium was complexed with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium (0.2 mol L(-1) phosphoric acid) using Triton X-100 as surfactant and quantitatively extracted into a small volume of the surfactant-rich phase after centrifugation. The color reaction of vanadium ions with hydrogen peroxide and PAN in phosphoric acid medium is highly selective. The chemical variables affecting cloud point extraction (CPE) were evaluated and optimized. The R.S.D. for 5 replicate determinations at the 20 microg L(-1)V level was 3.6%. The calibration graph using the preconcentration system for vanadium was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 at levels near the detection limits up to at least 0.6 microg L(-1). The method has good sensitivity and selectivity and was applied to the determination of trace amounts of vanadium in water samples with satisfactory result. The proposed method is a rare application of CPE-atomic spectrometry to vanadium assay, and is superior to most other similar methods, because its useful pH range is in the moderately acidic range achieved with phosphoric acid. At this pH, many potential interferents are not chelated with PAN, and iron(III) as the major interferent is bound in a stable phosphate complex.

A novel fiber optic spectrophotometric determination of nitrite using Safranin O and cloud point extraction

A novel fiber optic spectrophotometric method for nitrite determination in different samples is suggested, based on the reaction of nitrite with Safranin O in acidic medium to form a diazo-safranin, which is subsequently coupled with pyrogallol in alkaline medium to form a highly stable, red azo dye, followed by cloud point extraction (CPE) using a mixed micelle of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114, with an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The reaction and extraction conditions (e.g., acidity for diazotization and alkalinity for pyrogallol coupling, and other reagent concentrations, time, and tolerance to other ions) were optimized. Linearity was obeyed in a concentration range up to 230 μg L(-1), and the detection limit of the method is 0.5 μg L(-1) of nitrite ion. The molar absorptivity for nitrite of the Safranin-diazonium salt (ɛ(610 nm) =4 × 10(3) L mol(-1)cm(-1)) existing in literature was greatly enhanced by pyrogallol coupling and CPE enrichment (ɛ(592 nm)=1.39 × 10(5) L mol(-1)cm(-1)). The method was applied to the determination of nitrite in tap water, lake water and milk samples with an optimal preconcentration factor of 20.

METAL ION PRECONCENTRATION WITH AMBERLITE XAD-2 FUNCTIONALIZED WITH 5-PALMITOYL-8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE AND ITS ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT An Amberlite XAD-2 resin, functionalized with 5-palmitoyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, was prepared and used for the preconcentration of Fe(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Both batch and column sorption studies were carried out. The optimum pH range is between 4.5–6.0, for all the metal ions. All these metal ions can be desorbed with 2 mol l−1 HNO3 (recovery ratio 97–100%). The effect of various electrolytes on the sorption of these metal ions has been investigated. The enrichment factor has been found to be 50 for all seven metal ions for concentration level between 20–50 µg l−1. Simultaneous preconcentration and determination of all the metal ions is possible. The method has been succesfully applied to the determination of the heavy metals in Küçükçekmece Lake water samples (RSD 2.3–3.7%).

Separation and preconcentration of iron(II) and iron(III) from natural water on a melamine-formaldehyde resin.

A combined method for the preconcentration and selective spectrophotometric determination of both valencies of iron, i.e., Fe(II) and Fe(III), down to 0.4 mug l(-1) has been developed. Iron(III) from synthetic and natural water samples has been concentrated on a melamine-formaldehyde resin at pH 5; iron(II) was not retained under identical conditions. The oxidized iron was concentrated on a second resin column. The iron in both columns was eluted with 1 M HCl solution and separately analyzed by the 1,10-phenanthroline-citrate spectrophotometric method. The effect of pH, adsorption and elution rates, and interferences on the developed procedure were investigated. Metal ions that can be retained by the resin at moderate concentrations, e.g., Al(3+), do not cause interference in more dilute solutions encountered in natural water samples. At least 160-fold volume enrichment can be easily obtained using an adsorption flowrate of 50 ml min(-1). A hydrothermal water sample was analyzed by the recommended procedure and by a literature method, and the results were statistically compared by t- and F-tests.

Preconcentration and speciation of chromium using a melamine based polymeric sequestering succinic acid resin: its application for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) determination in wastewater.

A new melamine based polymeric sequestering resin was prepared for preconcentration and separation of hexavalent chromium from water, and its sequestering action was investigated. The water-insoluble, cross-linked sequestering resin was formed by reaction with bromosuccinic acid and cross-linking of melamine. The active sequestering group on the resin is NH-(Succinic acid) or salt thereof. The resulting chelating resin was characterized by infrared spectra. The newly prepared resin quantitatively retained Cr(VI) at pH 2.0-4.0 when the flow rate was maintained between 1 and 5 ml min(-1). The retained Cr(VI) was instantaneously eluted with 25 ml of 0.1 M NaOH. The chromium species were determined by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The limits of detection for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were found to be 5.3 and 4.2 microg l(-1), respectively. The precision and accuracy of the proposed procedure was checked by the use synthetic and reference steel samples. The established preconcentration method was successfully applied to the determination and selective separation of Cr(VI) in electroplating industry wastewater. Total concentrations determined by the spectrophotometric method (110.3+/-0.6 g l(-1) Cr(VI) and 1.2+/-0.3 g l(-1) Cr(III)) are compared with those found by FAAS and the obtained results (110.4+/-1.8 g l(-1) Cr(VI) and 1.4+/-0.5 g l(-1) Cr(III)) show good agreement.

A sensitive method for determining total vanadium in water samples using colorimetric-solid-phase extraction-fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy.

A selective colorimetric-solid-phase extraction (C-SPE) method for the determination of total vanadium in water samples was developed. This method introduced a new variation of C-SPE. The colour reaction is based on the reaction of vanadium(V) ternary complex formed with 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (PAN) in the presence hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In this technique, the target analytes in samples are extracted onto solid matrix loaded with a colorimetric reagent and then quantified directly on the adsorbent surface by using a miniature fiber optic reflectance spectrometer. The measurements were carried out at a wavelength of 589.4 nm since it yielded the largest divergence different in reflectance spectra before and after reaction with the vanadium. The overall time required for the C-SPE procedure was approximately 20 min. The amount of concentrated V is then determined in a few seconds by using miniature reflectance spectrometer. At the optimal conditions, a calibration curve was constructed, revealing a linear range of 0.05-0.52 mg L(-1) and a detection limit as low as 0.01 mg L(-1) while the RSD lower than 2.8%. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, a certified reference water samples (TMDA) were analysed and the results obtained were in good agreement with the certified values. The proposed method was applied to the determination of vanadium in tap water, seawater samples with a recovery for the spiked samples in the range of 98-102%.

Spectrophotometric determination of gallium(III) with carminic acid and hexadecylpyridinium chloride

The coloured complex formed between Ga(III) and carminic acid (CA) was utilized for developing a spectrophotometric method of gallium determination in the presence of the cationic surfactant hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDPC), which caused a bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum and an increase in extinction. The Ga(III)∶: CA molar ratio was 1∶4 in the presence of HDPC. The complex exhibited a molar absorptivity of 3.0 × 104 dm3 mol−1 cm−1 at 570 nm in an aqeous solution of pH 4.O. Beers law was obeyed between 2.0 × 10−6−2.0 × 10−5M Ga(III), and the relative standard deviation for gallium analysis was 1.4%. Most ions did not interfere, with a few exceptions which could be masked with either diethyldithiocarbamate, ascorbic acid, thioglycollic acid or fluoride. The developed method was successfully applied without any preliminary separation to gallium determination in gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor materials, and with prior extraction in a geostandard tonalite sample containing very high proportions of Fe(III) and Al(III).