Emine Kılıç

Is anxiety sensitivity a predictor of PTSD in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of the physical symptoms of anxiety and related symptoms. Longitudinal studies support AS as a vulnerability factor for development of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate AS as a vulnerability factor in the development of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic experiences. METHODS The study included 81 children 8-15 years of age who experienced the 1999 earthquake in Bolu, Turkey. The earthquake survivors were compared to a randomized group of age- and sex-matched controls 5 years after the earthquake. Both the subject and control groups were administered the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C), and Child Depression Inventory (CDI), while the PTSD symptoms of the subjects were assessed using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). RESULTS Subjects and controls did not differ significantly in CASI, STAI-C, or CDI scores. Multiple regression analysis showed that both trait anxiety and CASI scores predicted CPTS-RI scores of the subjects; the prediction by CASI scores was over and above the effect of trait anxiety. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the hypothesis that AS may be a constitutional factor, which might increase the risk of PTSD following traumatic experiences.

Effect of relocation and parental psychopathology on earthquake survivor-children's mental health.

Earthquakes may increase the risk for psychopathology in children because the disaster may disrupt family functioning through causing psychopathology in the parents or disrupting social network through migration, school changes, or socioeconomic status changes caused by the job losses of the parents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of parental psychopathology on the traumatic stress and depression of earthquake survivor-children 4 years after the earthquake. A convenience sample of 104 earthquake survivor-children (43 boys, 61 girls) and their parents were assessed at their homes for earthquake experience and traumatic stress symptoms. The outcome variables were the factor scores of a child/adolescent traumatic stress questionnaire (Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist for Children and Adolescents). The predictors of childs factor scores were examined using linear regression analyses. The traumatic stress factor score of the children was predicted two variables: the childs reported fear during the earthquake and the fathers traumatic stress factor score. The depression factor score, on the other hand, was predicted using the depression factor score of the mother only. Demographic variables or relocation status were not predictive for either of childrens factor scores. The results of the present study show that maternal and paternal psychopathologies have differential effects on the psychological status of earthquake survivor-children. Traumatic stress in the child is predicted using the traumatic stress of father, whereas depression in the child is predicted by mothers depression levels. Social network disruption does not seem to have a negative effect on children once parental psychopathology is taken into account.

The validity of diagnosis of melancholic depression according to different diagnostic systems

BACKGROUND Melancholic versus nonmelancholic depression dichotomy is perhaps the most widely accepted distinction in categorization of depression. This research aims to compare RDC, DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 melancholic/endogenous/somatic and nomelancholic/nonendogenous/nonsomatic depressive patients with regards to biological variables thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), basal and post dexamethasone cortisol levels, age, age of onset of depression, psychosocial stressors, and severity of depression. METHODS Sixty-five patients who had been diagnosed as having major depression according to DSM III-R, using SCID were included in this study. Patients were divided into melancholic and nonmelancholic subtypes using RDC, DSM-III, DSM III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria and groups were compared on the basis of biological variables, as well as age, psychosocial stressors and the severity of depression. RESULTS RDC endogenous depressives were older, more severely depressed and had higher cortisol levels then RDC nonendogenous depressives. DSM III-R melancholics were older, more severely depressed, reported fewer numbers of psychosocial stressors and had lower levels of TSH than nonmelancholics. DSM-IV melancholics were more severely depressed, had higher basal and post dexamethasone cortisol levels and lower TSH levels. The ICD 10 somatic depression group contained more severe, older depressives with lower TSH levels. CONCLUSION The results of this research show that different criteria may identify different groups of patients as having melancholic depression. They also partly support the hypothesis that endogenous or melancholic depression have a biological basis. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY: The study involved a relatively small sample size from a single centre and the results are based on this relatively small sample.

Analysis of 2-Benzo[c]cinnoline Nanofilm at the Gold Surface

Abstract A polycrystalline gold surface was modified with 2-benzo[c]cinnoline (BCC) in nonaqueous media using cyclic voltammetry. A multilayer BCC nanofilm at the gold surface was formed by the electrochemical reduction of 2-benzo[c]cinnoline diazonium salt (BCC-DAS). Grafting of BCC molecules onto the gold surface was verified by cyclic voltammetry using various redox probes, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The BCC film thickness was measured by ellipsometry and calculated as 46 nm indicating a multilayer film formation. The stability and the potential range of the novel Au-BCC modified electrode were also studied in open atmosphere and pure water. The working potential range of Au-BCC electrode was found to be between −1.8 and +1.6 V.

Syntheses and modifications of bisdiazonium salts of 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline and 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline 5-oxide onto glassy carbon electrode and the characterization of the modified surfaces

The goal of this study was to prepare novel glassy carbon electrode surfaces using two similar bis-diazonium salts, 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline (3,8-BCC-BDAS) and 3,8-benzo[c]cinnoline 5-oxide (3,8-BCCNO-BDAS) at the glassy carbon (GC) surface. These diazonium salts were reduced electrochemically and covalently electrografted onto the glassy carbon electrode surface to form modified electrodes. Electrochemical reduction of 3,8-BCC-BDAS and 3,8-BCCNO-BDAS salts on the electrode surface yielded a compact and stable film. The existence of BCC moieties on the GC surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflectance-adsorption infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The stability and working potential range of the novel modified electrodes were also studied. The possibility of analytical application of these novel surfaces for inorganic cations and especially selectivity to copper ions was investigated. 3,8-diaminobenzo[c]cinnoline (3,8-DABCC) and its 5-oxide derivative (3,8-DABCCNO) were synthesized from the reductive cyclization of 2,2′-dinitrobenzidine and prepared their bisdiazonium salts via the tetrazotization reactions of the diamines with NaNO2. The structures of 3,8-DABCC and 3,8-DABCCNO and their corresponding bisdiazonium salts are confirmed by spectral analysis.

Crystal Structure of 5,6‐Dinitrobenzimidazole.monohydrate

The title compound (C 7 H 6 N 4 O 5 ) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c with a=8.566(1) A, b=14.493(3) A, c=7.583(1) A, β=87.75(1)°, V=940.7(3) A 3 , Z=4, D x = 1.597 g.cm -3 . The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares method (R=0.0696). The title compound consists of an imidazole ring with the two NO 2 groups and one water molecule. The short inter- molecular N-H N [2.03(5) A] and O water -H - O [1.98(5) A] hydrogen bonds are highly effective in holding the molecule in a stable state as a whole.

2-BENZO[C]CINNOLINE AND 2-BENZO[C]CINNOLINE 6-OXIDE MODIFIED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODES: ELECTROCATALYTIC REDUCTION OF DIOXYGEN IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

Benzo[c]cinnoline (BCC) molecules were electrochemically grafted onto a glassy carbon (GC) surface in nonaqueous media, and the modified surface was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with redox probes. Blockage of the electron transfer on the modified surface was observed using redox probes. Electrocatalytic effect of 2BCC modified GC (2BCC-GC) electrode surface towards to the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen was also investigated. A mechanistic scheme for the electrochemical catalysis was proposed. To clarify the mechanism of the dioxygen reduction, a less basic film of 2-benzo[c]cinnoline 6-oxide (2BCCNO) molecules was also prepared at the glassy carbon surface. The effect of electrochemical catalysis of dioxygen reduction at the 2BCC-GC surface was compared to that at the 2BCCNO-GC surface.

Electrochemical behaviour of 3,8-difluorobenzo[c]cinnoline at mercury electrode

Voltametric and coulometric methods have been used to study the electroanalytical behaviour of 3,8-difluorobenzo[c]cinnoline. The number of electrons transferred, the wave characteristics, diffusion coefficient and reversibility of the reactions have been investigated in ethyl alcohol-BR. Adsorption of the molecule on the surface of the mercury drop electrode was analyzed and this phenomena was exploited to calculate the diffusion coefficient of 3,8-difluorobenzo[c]cinnoline. A mechanism for the electrode reaction was proposed.

Crystal Structure of ent‐7α, 18‐Diacetoxykaur‐16‐ene (Epicandicandioldiacetate)

The title compound (C 24 H 36 O 4 ) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 with a=6.250(1) A, b=13.676(1) A, c=25.419(2) A, V=2172.7(1) A 3 , Z=4, D x =1.19 g.cm -3 . The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares method (R=0.076). The title molecule is an entkaurene diterpene containing two acetoxy groups at positions C7 and C18, The ring junction A-B is in trans, while B-C is in cis, The rings A and B have chair conformations, while ring C has a twist conformation but the conformation of ring D is nearer to an envelope.

Synthesis and characterization of polymeric Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) complexes of 2,2′-(1,4-phenylenedivinylene)-bis-8-hydroxyquinoline

The complexes of 2,2′-(1,4-Phenylenedivinylene)-bis-8-hydroxyquinoline (LH2) with K2PdCl4, H2PtCl6 and HAuCl4 were synthesized and characterized with 1H-and 13C-NMR, elemental analysis, FT-IR, and molar conductivity. Au(III) and Pt(IV) complexes have characteristic conductance, while the Pd(II) complex has a non-ionic structure according to the molar conductivity and elemental analysis.