Hemant Bhatia

Efficient autonomous solar panel and thermo-electric generator (TEG) integrated hybrid energy harvesting system

Solar energy is one of the most covenant renewable energy resources. Imminent technologies within the renewable energy sector have significant potential for more efficiently harnessing the light energy. In this paper, a novel hybrid energy harvesting (EH) system consisting of dynamic offset feed mirrored parabolic dish integrated solar panel with thermoelectric generator (TEG) placed on the lower side of solar panel has been proposed. The proposed energy harvesting system is concurrently harvesting both solar and thermal energy which makes the system suitably named as hybrid energy harvesting system. The mirrored parabolic dish is proficient enough to focus all the light radiations at its focal point where solar panel is placed in order to efficiently harvest the light energy, however, the panel also gets warmed up with these radiations. This heat is transmitted to the TEGs hot side, which is installed at the back of the solar panel and is able to generate voltage if temperature gradient is applied across TEG. The proposed energy harvesting system tracks the motion of the sun throughout the day by clocking/tracking method in order to receive maximum radiations by employing DC geared motor which rotates the dish at the step angle of 6.25 degrees is controlled by Arduino UNO. The proposed system employs the solar panel capable of generating of +12V and capable of harvesting the average power of 6watts. The thermoelectric generator installed at the rear side of solar panel is capable of generating the voltage of 7-12 volts and current of 300-500 mA. The harvested energy by means of solar panel and TEG is sufficient enough to autonomously drive the system as well as to store the harvested energy in +12V lead acid rechargeable batteries. It has been observed that the dynamic offset feed mirrored parabolic dish solar panel energy harvesting system is 81% efficient in comparison to static solar panel whereas the proposed hybrid system is 152.02% more efficient in comparison to static parabolic dish integrated solar panel energy harvesting system. The proposed hybrid energy harvesting system is 38.65% more efficient in comparison to dynamic offset feed mirrored parabolic dish solar panel energy harvesting system. The proposed system can be adeptly employed for various applications such as water heating, street lightning, traffic lights etc.

Circular slotted THz Microstrip Patch Antenna for detection of constitutes of peptides in human body

This paper presents a novel ultra wideband circular slotted terahertz antenna design for detection of peptides in human body. In the proposed antenna design, the FR4 material has been used as a substrate having dielectric constant (εr) 4.4 and thickness of 1.5 μm. The ground, patch and feed line are made up of Copper material with thickness of 0.02 μm. The performance of terahertz antenna has been analysed in terms of bandwidth (THz), return loss (dB), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), VSWR and impedance (ohms). The designed antenna resonates at 6 THz with the bandwidth of 2375 GHz (5.423 THz 7.798 THz). The return loss of the proposed antenna is -43.58 dB at the resonating frequency of 6 THz. The VSWR of the proposed antenna design is 1. For feeding the antenna, the microstrip feed line technique has been employed for proper impedance matching and the proposed antenna has an input impedance of 48.23Ω. The proposed terahertz antenna design has a gain and directivity of 7.547 dB and 7.247 dBi, respectively at the resonating frequency of 6 THz. The antenna has been designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2014. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for the detection of constituents of peptides in human body. Keywords— CST Microwave Studio, dB, dBi, FR4, High gain, High directivity, Optical antenna, Peptides, Wide band, THz, VSWR

Flexible FR-4 based novel ultra-wide band microstrip patch antenna for buried landmine detection applications

The motive behind this research is to design, implement and analyze the flexible FR-4 (Flame Retardant 4) based novel wide band microstrip patch antenna operating at resonant frequency of 790 MHz for buried landmines detection applications. The proposed microstrip patch antenna has been designed using flexible FR-4 having dielectric constant (Єr) of 4.4 and thickness of 1.5mm with slotted patch on the top of substrate and a reduced ground at its lower side. The radiating patch and conducting ground are made of copper material having thickness 17 microns. The ground plane has been defected and reduced so as to escalate the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and return loss. The feed line has to be of appropriate width so as to match the antenna impedance with port impedance of 50 ohms for maximum power transfer with minimal reflections. The performance of proposed antenna is analyzed in terms of return loss (dB), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), smith chart and VSWR. The antenna has a gain of 2.474 dB and directivity of 1.957 dBi at resonant frequency of 790 MHz. The antenna has VSWR less than 2 in the operating frequency range (761 MHz to 966 MHz). The antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2014. The antenna has been fabricated and tested for experimental validation using Network Analyzer E5071C and anechoic chamber. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with the simulated results of the antenna.

Novel autonomous Compact Inert Cell Extracted-Urine Powered Cell (ICE-UPC) energy harvesting system for driving low power applications

In this paper, an autonomous Compact Inert Cell Extracted Urine Powered Cell (ICE-UPC) for harvesting energy from exhausted cells has been proposed. In the proposed system, ICE-UPC consists of 6 Inert (dead) cells connected in series and the energy from the ICE-UPC is obtained by employing a suitable electrode combination of C-Zn. The ICE-UPC comprises of 120 grams of manganese (extracted from dead cells) packed in a cylindrical insulating PVC tube and a supply pipe of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) material for continuous flow of urine through the system. The proposed system utilizes the energy extracted from the mixture of the human urine generally disposed off as waste and the inert cell manganese collected from the dumped dead batteries. The expedience of the proposed topology lies in its compact size and reusability of the dead batteries. In the proposed system, a mosquito repeller has been employed as a load driven by proposed ICE-UPC energy harvesting system. The output voltage and current of the ICE-UPC is 7.62 V and 10.44mA, respectively, which is sufficient enough for driving low power applications.

Slotted rook shaped novel wide-band microstrip patch antenna for radar altimeter, IMT, WiMAX and C-band satellite downlink applications

In this paper, a slotted rook shaped novel wide band microstrip patch antenna suitable to be employed for C-Band satellite downlink, Radio Altimeter, IMT, WiMAX applications has been proposed. The proposed antenna is resonant at 4.3 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 1.419 GHz (3.181 GHz to 4.6 GHz) and a return loss of −53.94dB. The Teflon is used as substrate for designing the proposed antenna having dielectric constant (εr) of 2.1 with a thickness of 8mm with a radiating patch on the top of substrate and a reduced ground surface at the lower side of substrate. The ground plane has been reduced to enhance the performance in terms of bandwidth and return loss. The antenna has a gain of 3.64 dB and directivity of 3.70 dBi at frequency of 4.3 GHz. The performance of the proposed antenna has been analyzed in terms of return loss (dB), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), smith chart and VSWR. The CST Microwave Studio 2014 has been used for design antenna. The antenna has been fabricated and tested for experimental validation using Network Analyzer E5071C and anechoic chamber. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with the simulated results of the antenna.

Floating TEG based solar energy harvesting system

In this paper, solar energy harvesting system based on the floating TEG (thermo-electric generator) has been proposed. The solar radiations are made to fall on the hot side of the TEG whereas its other face gets cooled by continuously flowing running water of waterfall in order to maintain a suitable temperature gradient between two faces of the TEG. The TEG generates the electrical output depending on the temperature gradient between the faces of thermoelectric generator. The proposed energy harvesting system is proficient enough to produce an average output power of 1230.25 milliwatts and 432.39 milliwatts when an array of twelve TEG is employed in series and parallel combination, respectively. The proposed energy harvesting system utilizing array of twelve TEG is 96.37 percent and 93.52 percent more efficient in comparison to array of four TEG when connected in series and parallel combination, respectively in standstill water conditions. The electrical output generated from floating TEG energy harvesting system can be suitably employed to charge Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydride) rechargeable cells of 1.2V each arranged in the form of grid with two cells in series connected in parallel with two cells in series.

High return loss microstrip patch antenna design for radio applications

In this demonstrative work, rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been proposed. Teflon substrate having thickness of 4mm and dielectric constant of εr = 2.1 has been employed. The design and analysis of the proposed system has been carried out on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2014. The proposed antenna has compact size, light weight. The proposed antenna ground and patch has been designed using copper of thickness 0.1mm. It has been analysed that the proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 235MHz with an operating frequency range of 5.4296–5.6647GHz and is resonant at 5.545 GHz. The gain, directivity and high return loss of the proposed antenna are 7.990dB, 7.558dBi and −81.399dB at resonant frequency of 5.545GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for, Weather Radar applications (5350MHZ–5450MHz), Radiolocation and Military applications (5470MHz–5570MHz) and Maritime Radar applications (5570MHz–5650MHz). The proposed antenna is practically fabricated and tested using E5071C Network analyzer. It has been concluded that the practical antenna result closely matches with the simulated antenna result.

Dead cell extracted-urine powered battery energy harvesting system

In this paper, the Dead Cell Extracted-Urine Powered Battery (DCE-UPB) Energy Harvesting system has been proposed. In DCE-UPB, energy is extracted by utilising trash primary cell and human liquid waste-urine. The DCE-UPB design consists of series-parallel combination of dead cell extracted- urine power single chambers. The single chamber cell consists of manganese as substrate along with the urine as electrolyte. The single cell of the proposed system also consists of two electrodes anode and cathode. The single cell of the proposed system has been tested and verified with various electrodes. The two suitable pair of electrodes have been selected i.e. copper/zinc and carbon rod/zinc. Each row consists of 12 cells connected in series and each cell produces an output of 0.85V and 1.2V corresponding to Cu-Zn and C-Zn electrodes respectively. The total output of the system is 10.61V for 145 hours and maximum current spike observed is 42mA. The power output is well enough to drive low power applications. In this proposed system, a LED has been used as low power load and driven by DCE-UPB.