Simarjit Singh Saini

Novel UWB slotted I-shaped flexible microstrip patch antenna design for satellite reconnaissance, amateur radio, future soil moisture and sea surface salinity missions

In this paper, a flexible I shaped stacked novel ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with defected and reduced ground resonant at 1.26 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 1.278 GHz (1.0596 GHz to 2.3374 GHz) has been proposed which can be suitably employed for satellite reconnaissance, amateur radio, future soil moisture and sea surface salinity mission applications. The material employed for substrate is flexible FR4 having dielectric constant of 4.4 and copper has been used for radiating patch, ground and feed line. The antenna is resonant at 1.26 GHz with return loss of -43.72 dB. The proposed antenna has a gain of 3.00 dB and directivity of 2.815 dBi at resonant frequency of 1.26 GHz. The antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2014. The performance of the antenna has been analyzed in terms of return loss (dB), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), smith chart and VSWR. The antenna has impedance of 50 ohms which makes it suitable to be fed by SMA connector of 50 ohms for maximum power transfer from SMA connector to the patch for radiations. The quarter wave transformer has been employed in order to match the antenna impedance with the port impedance. The antenna has been stacked by placing the flexible FR4 substrate of thickness 8mm over the feed line to enhance the impedance bandwidth of antenna by 2 percent. The proposed antenna has been practically fabricated and tested using E5071C Network analyzer and anechoic chamber. It has been observed that the practical antenna performance results closely match with the CST simulated antenna results. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for Global Positioning System (GPS) applications (L1|1.57 GHz, L2|1.22 GHz, L3|1.38 GHz, L4|1.37 GHz, L5|1.17 GHz), life detection radar systems (1.26 GHz), soil moisture content missions, (1.26 GHz and 1.41 GHz), sea surface salinity missions (1.26 GHz and 1.41 GHz) and amateur radio (1.24 GHz-1.3 GHz, 1.26 GHz-1.27 GHz) applications.

Dual Resonant Microstrip Patch Antenna Design employing triangular slotted substrate for Active Satellite Sensors and Aeronautical Navigation applications

This paper presents dual resonant triangular substrate slotted microstrip patch antenna design for active satellite sensors and aeronautical navigation. The proposed antenna has been designed over FR4 substrate having thickness of 1.57mm and dielectric constant εr=4.4 using silver as radiating patch and groundplane. The thickness of patch and groundplane is 0.02mm. The proposed antenna resonates at two different frequencies: 9.612GHz and 9.77GHz with operating bandwidth of 304MHz and return loss plot (S11) of 29.07dB at 9.612GHz and -25.22dB at 9.77GHz. The antenna is omnidirectional with gain and directivity of 6.246dB and 6.33dBi respectively at 9.77GHz and 4.27dB and 4.22dBi respectively at 9.612GHz. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for active satellite sensors, aeronautical navigation, military and civil radiolocation for shipborne or airborne surveillance.

Novel high gain honeycomb shaped slotted ground microstrip patch antenna design for broadcasting fixed satellite, mobile satellite and downlink frequency applications

This paper emphasizes on the design, analysis, fabrication and testing of honeycomb shaped ground slotted microstrip patch antenna suitable to be employed for Ku-Band Broadcasting Fixed Satellite, Mobile Satellite and Downlink Frequency applications. The proposed antenna has been designed and fabricated using flame retardant-4 (FR-4) as substrate having dielectric constant (εr) of 4.4. A flame retardant-4 (FR-4) has been employed as substrate material with thickness 1.62 mm and 80 × 80 mm2 dimensions. The proposed antenna has a gain of 8.874 dB, directivity of 8.995 dBi with return loss of −39.57 dB at 11.85 GHz resonant frequency. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 105 MHz with resonant frequency of 11.85 GHz. The antenna has VSWR of 1.02. The performance of proposed antenna has been scrutinized in terms of return loss in dB, gain in dB, directivity in dBi, bandwidth in MHz, resonating frequency in GHz and VSWR. The microstrip feed line technique has been employed for proper impedance matching (48.23 Ω) in order to match the impedance of 50 ohms of SMA connector for minimal reflection losses. The antenna has been designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio 2014 software. The proposed antenna has been physically fabricated and tested for experimental validation of results using Network Analyzer E5071C and anechoic chamber. It has been observed practical results of fabricated antenna match with the simulated results.

Novel autonomous Compact Inert Cell Extracted-Urine Powered Cell (ICE-UPC) energy harvesting system for driving low power applications

In this paper, an autonomous Compact Inert Cell Extracted Urine Powered Cell (ICE-UPC) for harvesting energy from exhausted cells has been proposed. In the proposed system, ICE-UPC consists of 6 Inert (dead) cells connected in series and the energy from the ICE-UPC is obtained by employing a suitable electrode combination of C-Zn. The ICE-UPC comprises of 120 grams of manganese (extracted from dead cells) packed in a cylindrical insulating PVC tube and a supply pipe of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) material for continuous flow of urine through the system. The proposed system utilizes the energy extracted from the mixture of the human urine generally disposed off as waste and the inert cell manganese collected from the dumped dead batteries. The expedience of the proposed topology lies in its compact size and reusability of the dead batteries. In the proposed system, a mosquito repeller has been employed as a load driven by proposed ICE-UPC energy harvesting system. The output voltage and current of the ICE-UPC is 7.62 V and 10.44mA, respectively, which is sufficient enough for driving low power applications.

Ameliorated Urine Powered Battery (AUPB) for low power applications

In this paper, the ameliorated urine powered battery (AUPB) has been delineated and proposed for low power applications. In AUPB, the human urine has been deployed as a source of energy extrication. The natural neat human urine accompanying polyurethane sponge has been utilized as an electrolyte in the design. The proffered AUPB encompasses of hybrid (series and parallel) connection of small single chamber urine powered cells. In urine powered cells, the electrodes have been dipped in electrolyte and the potential across the electrode s has been appraised. In AUPB design, the intent is to exalt the electrical output of Urine Powered Battery by automating the system that is by gushing fresh urine into the system and sluicing out the exhausted urine from the system. It has been clinched that the best concoction of electrode materials (cathode-anode) is Cu-Zn which when enriched with urine and polyurethane sponge steers to augmented electrical output voltage and current. The single urine powered cell (UPC) is capable of providing the output voltage and current of 0.80V and 3.8mA. The AUPB comprising of 80 UPCs after employing LTC3388-3 has been proposed capable of generating the output voltage of 5.01V and current of 61.3mA which can be deployed for low power applications.

High return loss microstrip patch antenna design for radio applications

In this demonstrative work, rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been proposed. Teflon substrate having thickness of 4mm and dielectric constant of εr = 2.1 has been employed. The design and analysis of the proposed system has been carried out on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2014. The proposed antenna has compact size, light weight. The proposed antenna ground and patch has been designed using copper of thickness 0.1mm. It has been analysed that the proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 235MHz with an operating frequency range of 5.4296–5.6647GHz and is resonant at 5.545 GHz. The gain, directivity and high return loss of the proposed antenna are 7.990dB, 7.558dBi and −81.399dB at resonant frequency of 5.545GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for, Weather Radar applications (5350MHZ–5450MHz), Radiolocation and Military applications (5470MHz–5570MHz) and Maritime Radar applications (5570MHz–5650MHz). The proposed antenna is practically fabricated and tested using E5071C Network analyzer. It has been concluded that the practical antenna result closely matches with the simulated antenna result.

Dead cell extracted-urine powered battery energy harvesting system

In this paper, the Dead Cell Extracted-Urine Powered Battery (DCE-UPB) Energy Harvesting system has been proposed. In DCE-UPB, energy is extracted by utilising trash primary cell and human liquid waste-urine. The DCE-UPB design consists of series-parallel combination of dead cell extracted- urine power single chambers. The single chamber cell consists of manganese as substrate along with the urine as electrolyte. The single cell of the proposed system also consists of two electrodes anode and cathode. The single cell of the proposed system has been tested and verified with various electrodes. The two suitable pair of electrodes have been selected i.e. copper/zinc and carbon rod/zinc. Each row consists of 12 cells connected in series and each cell produces an output of 0.85V and 1.2V corresponding to Cu-Zn and C-Zn electrodes respectively. The total output of the system is 10.61V for 145 hours and maximum current spike observed is 42mA. The power output is well enough to drive low power applications. In this proposed system, a LED has been used as low power load and driven by DCE-UPB.

Efficient Arduino UNO driven smart highway/bridge/tunnel lighting system employing rochelle piezoelectric sensor

This paper proposes the use of Rochelle salt (KNaC4O6.4H2O) as a piezoelectric sensor for efficient smart energy saving systems. The piezoelectric properties of Rochelle salt tested for different configurations have been discussed and the best possible arrangement has been proposed for pressure sensing by Arduino UNO. The Rochelle salt crystals have been synthesized, converted into powdered form and molded in suitable configuration efficient for pressure sensing applications. The proposed Rochelle configuration comprises of 26gms of Rochelle salt packed in cylindrical insulating tube of length 11.4cm and diameter of 5cm employing Cu-Al as electrode combination capable of generating the maximum output voltage of 391mV, which is sufficient enough to be sensed by Arduino UNO. This arrangement has been used for efficient energy saving applications in tunnels, bridges. The lighting system in the tunnel or the lights along the bridge can be turned ON when the vehicle enters the tunnel or cross the bridge by installing the proposed Rochelle sensor on the entrance of tunnel or bridge and can be effectively turned OFF when the vehicle crosses the tunnel or bridge by employing Arduino UNO, thus leading to the efficient energy saving lighting systems. The prototype of the proposed system has been successfully developed and tested experimentally.

High gain dual resonant textile microstrip patch antenna design employing denim substrate for vehicle mounted earth station uplink applications

This paper presents a novel textile microstrip antenna employing substrate of Denim material with dielectric constant of 1.6 having dimensions are 23.32mm × 27.8mm × 0.7mm. The ground, patch and feed line are of copper material. The proposed antenna is a dual resonant rectangular patch antenna with a square slot on the ground which is operated at 12.00 GHz and 12.67 GHz with corresponding return loss of −41.43 dB and −23.95 dB, respectively. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed textile antenna is 1.011 GHz (11.796 GHz-12.807 GHz) and impedance is 49.81 Ohm. The proposed antenna has been simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS 2014) Software. The performance of proposed textile antenna has been analyzed in terms of impedance bandwidth (GHz), directivity(dBi), gain (dB), return loss (dB), VSWR and impedance (ohms). The proposed antenna design has peak gain and directivity of 8.143 dB and 7.843 dBi at the resonant frequency of 12 GHz. The proposed antenna can be used for vehicle mounted earth station uplink communication applications. The proposed antenna has been practically fabricated and tested using E5071C Network Analyzer with SMA connector. Moreover, it has been concluded that the fabricated antenna experimental results closely matched with the simulated antenna results.

TeraHertz textile microstrip patch antenna design employing denim substrate for detection of TNT explosives

In this paper, a textile terahertz reduced ground microstrip patch antenna for detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been proposed. The proposed antenna is employing black denim as substrate having dielectric constant of εr = 1.6. The design and simulation of antenna has been carried out using CS T Microwave Studio 2014. The ground and patch of the proposed antenna has been designed using copper of thickness 0.05μm. It has been analyzed that the proposed antenna has impedance bandwidth of 247 GHz with an operating frequency range of 8.0481THz-8.3321THz with resonant frequency of 8.208 THz. It has been observed that the textile terahertz reduced ground microstrip patch antenna has gain of 7.359 dB and directivity of 7.002 dBi. The proposed antenna has minimal return loss of −65.89 dB at resonant frequency of 8.208 THz. The proposed antenna can be suitably employed for the detection of the TNT explosives and drugs.