Henning S. Jensen

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the salivary gland in Greenlandic Eskimos: Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus DNA by in situ nucleic acid hybridization

Paraffin sections of 11 undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas of lymphoepithelioma type (malignant lymphoepithelial lesion) arising in Greenlandic Eskimos (Inuit) were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) using in situ nucleic acid hybridization with a 35S-labeled EBV-specific probe. Epstein-Barr virus genomes were detected in each case in malignant epithelial cells, but were not found in lymphoid stroma or in residual benign salivary epithelium. Eight undifferentiated salivary gland carcinomas from non-Eskimo patients (including two with lymphoepithelioma-like features) were negative for EBV-DNA. Our results confirm the existence of a consistent and specific association between EBV and tumor cells of undifferentiated salivary gland carcinoma of lymphoepithelioma type arising in Greenlandic Eskimos.

Biomanipulation as a Restoration Tool to Combat Eutrophication: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Eutrophication resulting from high nutrient loading has been the paramount environmental problem for lakes world-wide for the past four decades. Efforts are being made in many parts of the world to reduce external nutrient loading via improved wastewater treatment or diversion of nutrient-rich inflows. However, even after a reduction of the external phosphorus loading, the effects obtained may be unsatisfactory. This may reflect an insufficient reduction in the external nutrient loading to effectively limit phytoplankton growth. However, the lack of success may also be due to chemical or biological within-lake inertia preventing or delaying improvements. To overcome the resilience and thereby reinforce recovery, a number of physico-chemical and biological restoration methods have been developed. In this chapter, we describe recent developments of biological restoration methods related to eutrophication, their short-term and long-term effects, and discuss the possibility of using combined physico-chemical and biological methods to improve the long-term stability of restoration and to reduce restoration costs. As comprehensive reviews of the effect of fish manipulation in cold temperate lakes are numerous, for these waterbodies, we highlight recent results, including effects on biodiversity and metabolism, and present new approaches of biomanipulation. Our particular focus is, however, directed at biomanipulation in warm lakes and on combined treatments which are far less well described in the literature.

Effects of aluminum, iron, oxygen and nitrate additions on phosphorus release from the sediment of a Danish softwater lake

The effects of oxygen, aluminum, iron and nitrate additions on phosphate release from the sediment were evaluated in the softwater Lake Vedsted, Denmark, by a 34-day experiment with undisturbed sediment cores. Six treatments were applied: (1) Control - O2 (0–20% saturation), (2) O2 (100% saturation) (3) Al3+ – O2, (4) Fe3+ + O2, (5) Fe3+ – O2, and (6) NO3− – O2. Al2(SO4)3*18 H2O and FeCl3*4H2O were added in amounts that theoretically should immobilize the exchangeable P-pool in the top 5 cm of the sediment, while sodium nitrate concentrations were increased to 5 mg N l−1. The four treatments with metals or NO3− reduced the P efflux from the sediment significantly as compared to the suboxic control treatment. Mean accumulated P-release rates for suboxic treatments with Al3+, Fe3+, and NO3− were: –0.27 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 0.02 mmol m−2, N = 5), 0.58 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 0.30 mmol m−2, N = 5) and 1.40 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 0.14 mmol m−2, N = 5), respectively. The oxic treatment with Fe3+ had a P efflux of 0.36 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 0.08 mmol m−2, N = 5). The two highest P-release rates were observed in the control treatment and the treatment with O2 (14.50 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 3.90 mmol m−2, N = 5) and 2.31 mmol m−2 (st. dev = 0.80 mmol m−2, N = 5), respectively). In order to identify changes in the P and Fe binding sites in the sediment as caused by the treatments, a sequential P extraction procedure was applied on the sediment before and after the efflux experiment. Addition of O2, Fe3+ and NO3− to the sediment increased the amounts of oxidized Fe3+ and P→BD. Al3+ addition resulted in a lower fraction of P→BD but a correspondingly higher fraction of Al-bound P. Addition of Al3+ decreased the Fe-efflux from the suboxic sediment as well as the amount of oxidized Fe3+ in the sediment. This questions the use of Al compounds that contain sulfate because of the possible formation of FeS, which will restrict upward migration of Fe2+ and the formation of new Fe-oxides in the surface sediment. Instead, we suggest the use of AlCl3 for lake restoration purposes.

Phosphate adsorption by lanthanum modified bentonite clay in fresh and brackish water

Effects of pH, alkalinity and conductivity on the adsorption of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) onto lanthanum (La) modified bentonite clay (Phoslock(®)) were investigated in laboratory experiments using eight different types of filtered water representing freshwater with low and normal alkalinity and brackish water with high alkalinity. Different dose ratios (0-200; w/w) of Phoslock(®):P were applied to determine the maximum P binding capacity of Phoslock(®) at SRP concentrations typical of those of sediment pore water. The 100:1 Phoslock(®:)P dose ratio, recommended by the manufacturer, was tested with 12 days exposure time and generally found to be insufficient at binding whole target SRP pool. The ratio performed best in the soft water from Danish Lake Hampen and less good in the hard water from Danish Lake Langesø and in brackish water. The explanation may be an observed negative relationship between alkalinity and the SRP binding capacity of Phoslock(®). A comparative study of Lake Hampen and Lake Langesø suggested that the recorded differences in P adsorption between the two lakes could be attributed to a more pronounced dispersion of Phoslock(®) in the soft water of Lake Hampen, leading to higher fractions of dissolved (<0.2 μm) La and of La in fine particles. In the same two lakes, pH affected the SRP binding of Phoslock(®) negatively at a pH level above 8.1, the effect being reversible, however. The negative pH effect was most significant in hard water Lake Langesø, most likely because of higher [Formula: see text] concentrations.

Phosphorus Load to Surface Water from Bank Erosion in a Danish Lowland River Basin

Phosphorus loss from bank erosion was studied in the catchment of River Odense, a lowland Danish river basin, with the aim of testing the hypothesis of whether stream banks act as major diffuse phosphorus (P) sources at catchment scale. Furthermore, the study aimed at analyzing the impact of different factors influencing bank erosion and P loss such as stream order, anthropogenic disturbances, width of uncultivated buffer strips, and the vegetation of buffer strips. A random stratified procedure in geographical information system (GIS) was used to select two replicate stream reaches covering different stream orders, channelized vs. naturally meandering channels, width of uncultivated buffer strips (≤ 2 m and ≥ 10 m), and buffer strips with different vegetation types. Thirty-six 100-m stream reaches with 180 bank plots and a total of 3000 erosion pins were established in autumn 2006, and readings were conducted during a 3-yr period (2006-2009). The results show that neither stream size nor stream disturbance measured as channelization of channel or the width of uncultivated buffer strip had any significant ( < 0.05) influence on bank erosion and P losses during each of the 3 yr studied. In buffer strips with natural trees bank erosion was significantly ( < 0.05) lower than in buffer strips dominated by grass and herbs. Gross and net P input from bank erosion amounted to 13.8 to 16.5 and 2.4 to 6.3 t P, respectively, in the River Odense catchment during the three study years. The net P input from bank erosion equaled 17 to 29% of the annual total P export and 21 to 62% of the annual export of P from diffuse sources from the River Odense catchment. Most of the exported total P was found to be bioavailable (71.7%) based on a P speciation of monthly suspended sediment samples collected at the outlet of the river basin. The results found in this study have a great importance for managers working with P mitigation and modeling at catchment scale.

Characterization of phosphorus in sequential extracts from lake sediments using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) compounds in three different lake surface sediments were extracted by sequential P extraction and identified by P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (P-31 NMR) spectroscopy. The extractio ...

Occurrence of orthophosphate monoesters in lake sediments: significance of myo- and scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate.

Orthophosphate monoesters often constitute a significant fraction of total phosphorus in lake sediments. The knowledge on the specific composition and recalcitrance of these compounds is however limited. The main aim was therefore to identify and quantify specific orthophosphate monoesters in sediment from 15 Danish lakes by solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The four most quantitatively important orthophosphate monoesters were myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IP(6)), scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate (scyllo-IP(6)) α-glycerophosphate (α-GP) and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). The compounds were identified in 9, 4, 8 and in all 15 lakes, respectively. In total these four components made up 46-100% of the orthophosphate monoester pool. The glycerophosphates (GPs) are most likely degradation products of phospholipids, created as an artifact by the alkaline extraction procedure used for (31)P NMR spectroscopy, while the inositol hexakisphosphates (IPs) are naturally occurring compounds. There was a significant positive correlation between myo-IP(6) and total aluminium in the sediment and a negative correlation between myo-IP(6) and lake water pH, suggesting that myo-IP(6) is stabilized in the sediment by adsorption at slightly acidic or neutral conditions. In three lakes, the depth distribution of the orthophosphate monoesters was investigated. The content of scyllo-IP(6) and myo-IP(6) was constant with sediment depth in two of the lakes while the content of myo-IP(6) decreased with depth in one of the lakes. In all cases the IPs seem to be preserved with sediment depth to a higher extent than the orthophosphate diesters and especially the GPs suggesting that IPs can be a sink for phosphorus in the lake ecosystem or at least delay P-recycling for years.

Heavy Metal and Phosphorus Content of Fractions from Manure Treatment and Incineration

Alternative uses of pig manure are being considered, including separation and eventual incineration of the solid fraction to produce energy and ash. The efficiency of a screw press, a decanting centrifuge and chemical treatment in transferring N, P and heavy metals from slurry to a solid fraction were compared. Chemical treatment by coagulants and flocculants removed heavy metals most efficiently; they were transferred to the solid fraction in the order Zn > Cu > Cd by all three types of equipment. With centrifugation the heavy metal load on land where the solid fraction was applied was very low, whereas on land where the liquid fraction was applied it was only slightly less than that from un-separated manure. Conversely, chemical treatment resulted in a heavy metal load similar to that from un-separated manure with the solid fraction, while with the liquid fraction it was reduced to 20% of that from un-separated manure. Incineration of the solid fraction produces bottom ash and fly ash containing high levels of P. Most of the P and less than 10% of Cd is present in the bottom ash, producing an ash low in Cd content and a fly ash high in Cd. However, Cu and Ni tend to accumulate in the bottom ash. Chemical extraction procedures revealed that P-availability was high in all liquid and solid fractions except the bottom ash from incineration where ∼80% of the P was transformed into a form of apatite. Since more bottom ash than fly ash is being formed, significant amounts of P may be immobilized by incineration of solid fractions.

Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake water quality.

114 lakes treated with aluminum (Al) salts to reduce internal phosphorus (P) loading were analyzed to identify factors driving longevity of post-treatment water quality improvements. Lakes varied greatly in morphology, applied Al dose, and other factors that may have affected overall treatment effectiveness. Treatment longevity based on declines in epilimnetic total P (TP) concentration averaged 11 years for all lakes (range of 0-45 years). When longevity estimates were used for lakes with improved conditions through the end of measurements, average longevity increased to 15 years. Significant differences in treatment longevity between deeper, stratified lakes (mean 21 years) and shallow, polymictic lakes (mean 5.7 years) were detected, indicating factors related to lake morphology are important for treatment success. A decision tree developed using a partition model suggested Al dose, Osgood index (OI, a morphological index), and watershed to lake area ratio (related to hydraulic residence time, WA:LA) were the most important variables determining treatment longevity. Multiple linear regression showed that Al dose, WA:LA, and OI explained 47, 32 and 3% respectively of the variation in treatment longevity. Other variables (too data limited to include in the analysis) also appeared to be of importance, including sediment P content to Al dose ratios and the presence of benthic feeding fish in shallow, polymictic lakes.

Vivianite precipitation and phosphate sorption following iron reduction in anoxic soils

Phosphorus retention in lowland soils depends on redox conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the Fe(III) reduction degree affects phosphate adsorption and precipitation. Two similarly P-saturated, ferric Fe-rich lowland soils, a sandy and a peat soil, were incubated under anaerobic conditions. Mössbauer spectroscopy demonstrated that Fe(III) in the sandy soil was present as goethite and phyllosilicates, whereas Fe(III) in the peat soil was mainly present as polynuclear, Fe-humic complexes. Following anoxic incubation, extensive formation of Fe(II) in the solids occurred. After 100 d, the Fe(II) production reached its maximum and 34% of the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractable Fe (Fe(CBD)) was reduced to Fe(II) in the sandy soil. The peat soil showed a much faster reduction of Fe(III) and the maximum reduction of 89% of Fe(CBD) was reached after 200 d. Neoformation of a metavivianite/vivianite phase under anoxic conditions was identified by X-ray diffraction in the peat. The sandy soil exhibited small changes in the point of zero net sorption (EPC₀) and P(i) desorption with increasing Fe(III) reduction, whereas in the peat soil P desorption increased from 80 to 3100 μmol kg⁻¹ and EPC₀ increased from 1.7 to 83 μM, after 322 d of anoxic incubation. The fast Fe(III) reduction made the peat soils particularly vulnerable to changes in redox conditions. However, the precipitation of vivianite/metavivianite minerals may control soluble P(i) concentrations to between 2 and 3 μM in the long term if the soil is not disturbed.