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Archive | 1976

The Measure of Time

Henri Poincaré

So long as we do not go outside the domain of consciousness, the notion of time is relatively clear. Not only do we distinguish without difficulty present sensation from the remembrance of past sensations or the anticipation of future sensations, but we know perfectly well what we mean when we say that of two conscious phenomena which we remember, one was anterior to the other; or that, of two foreseen conscious phenomena, one will be anterior to the other.


American Journal of Mathematics | 1892

Sur Les Fonctions a Espaces Lacunaires

Henri Poincaré

© Bulletin de la S. M. F., 1897, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Bulletin de la S. M. F. » (http://smf. emath.fr/Publications/Bulletin/Presentation.html) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/legal.php). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.


Irreversible Processes#R##N#Kinetic Theory | 1966

Mechanism and Experience

Henri Poincaré

The advocates of the mechanistic conception of the universe have met with several obstacles in their attempts to reconcile mechanism with the facts of experience. In the mechanistic hypothesis, all phenomena must be reversible, while experience shows that many phenomena are irreversible. It has been suggested that the apparent irreversibility of natural phenomena is due merely to the fact that molecules are too small and too numerous for our gross senses to deal with them, although a “Maxwell demon” could do so and would thereby be able to prevent irreversibility.


The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods | 1905

Cournot et les Principes du Calcul Infinitésimal (1905)

Henri Poincaré

Il est tres difficile, pour les mathematiciens contemporains, de comprendre les contradictions que nos devanciers croyaient decouvrir dans les principes du calcul infinitesimal. Le mot celebre: «Allez toujours et la foi vous viendra», est pour nous un sujet perpetuel d’etonnement. Est-il possible que de grands geometres qui maniaient l’analyse infinitesimale avec autant d’habilite qu’on l’a jamais fait, aient vu du mystere dans ce qui nous parait si simple et qu’ils se soient laisse embarrasser par des objections qui nous semblent enfantines? La difference profonde que les critiques de cette epoque apercevaient entre la maniere de Leibnitz et celle de Newton nous echappe de meme completement et nous sommes disposes a ne voir entre les deux fondateurs du calcul integral qu’une difference de notations.


Archive | 1994

Review of Hilbert’s

Henri Poincaré

What are the fundamental principles of geometry? what is its origin? its nature? its scope? These are questions which have at all times engaged the attention of mathematicians and thinkers, but which about a century ago took on an entirely new aspect, thanks to the ideas of Lobachevsky and of Bolyai.


Boston studies in the philosophy of science | 2007

On The Dynamics of the Electron (Excerpts)

Henri Poincaré

It seems at first that the aberration of light and related optical and electrical phenomena will provide us with a means of determining the absolute motion of the Earth, or rather its motion with respect to the aether, as opposed to its motion with respect to other celestial bodies. Fresnel pursued this idea, but soon recognized that the Earth’s motion does not alter the laws of refraction and reflection. Analogous experiments, like that of the water-filled telescope, and all those considering terms no higher than first order relative to the aberration, yielded only negative results; the explanation was soon discovered. But Michelson, who conceived an experiment sensitive to terms depending on the square of the aberration, failed in turn. It appears that this impossibility to detect the absolute motion of the Earth by experiment may be a general law of nature; we are naturally inclined to admit this law, which we will call the Postulate of Relativity and admit without restriction. Whether or not this postulate, which up to now agrees with experiment, may later be corroborated or disproved by experiments of greater precision, it is interesting in any case to ascertain its consequences. An explanation was proposed by Lorentz and FitzGerald, who introduced the hypothesis of a contraction of all bodies in the direction of the Earth’s motion and proportional to the square of the aberration. This contraction, which we will call the Lorentzian contraction , would explain Michelson’s experiment and all others performed up to now. The hypothesis would become insufficient, however, if we were to admit the postulate of relativity in full generality. Lorentz then sought to extend his hypothesis and to modify it in order to obtain perfect agreement with this postulate. This is what he succeeded in doing in his article entitled Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light ( Proceedings of the Amsterdam Academy , 27 May, 1904). The importance of the question persuaded me to take it up in turn; the results I | obtained agree with those of Mr. Lorentz on all the significant points. I was led [130]


Archive | 2002

Note sur la Géométrie Non Euclidienne (1900)

Henri Poincaré

Toutefois1 il y a encore lieu de se demander si, en poussant plus loin les deductions, Lobatchevsky n’aurait pas fini par se heurter a une contradiction. En d’autres termes, y-a-t-il contradiction d’une part entre les axiomes admis par les geometres (en mettant de cote le postulatum d’Euclide), et d’autre part le postulatum de Lobatchevsky? Pour nous en rendre compte, nous allons enoncer ces axiomes sous la forme suivante, en mettant en evidence ceux que les geometres ne formulent pas d’ordinaire et qu’ils se contentent d’admettre implicitement.


Archive | 2002

Des Fondements de la Géométrie (1898)

Henri Poincaré

Quoique j’aie deja eu l’occasion d’exposer mes idees sur les fondements de la geometrie, il ne sera peut-etre pas sans interet de revenir sur cette question avec de nouveaux developpements et de chercher a eclaircir certains points que le lecteur peut avoir trouves obscurs. C’est au sujet de la definition du point et de la determination du nombre des dimensions que de nouveaux eclaircissements me paraissent le plus necessaires; mais cependant je crois utile de reprendre la question par le commencement.


Archive | 2002

Les Fondements de la Géométrie (1902)

Henri Poincaré

Quels sont les principes fondamentaux de la geometrie, quelle en est l’origine, la nature et la portee? Ce sont la des questions qui ont, de tous temps, preoccupe les mathematiciens et les penseurs, mais qui, il y a un siecle environ, ont pris, pour ainsi dire, une figure toute nouvelle, grâce aux idees de Lobatchevsky et de Bolyai.


Archive | 2002

Le Démon d’Arrhenius (1911)

Henri Poincaré

Parmi les idees nouvelles que nous voyons germer en foule dans le fecond cerveau de M. Arrhenius, il y en a une qui merite d’attirer particulierement l’attention, parce qu’elle interesse l’avenir de notre Univers; elle nous ouvre (ou du moins elle s’y efforce) des perspectives plus consolantes que la theorie classique de Clausius; le Monde si l’on en croit le savant suedois, ne serait pas fatalement voue a la mort thermique, il ne serait pas destine a perir dans une morne uniformite finale.

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George Bruce Halsted

University of Texas at Austin

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John Stillwell

University of San Francisco

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Scott Walter

Centre national de la recherche scientifique

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Albert Einstein

Institute for Advanced Study

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