Henrik Linderoth

The influence of contextual elements, actors’ frames of reference, and technology on the adoption and use of ICT in construction projects: a Swedish case study

In contemporary research on construction‐related ICT (information communication technologies), little distinction is made between the use of ICT in permanent line organizations and its use in temporary organizations (for example, in building and construction projects). This paper makes that distinction. The aim is to understand how the interplay among contextual elements, actors’ frames of reference, and the ICT itself, influences the adoption and use of ICT in a building and construction project. This will be done through a description and analysis of a case study of ICT use in a major Swedish construction company. It is concluded that the well‐defined duration of the temporary organization (the construction project) stands in sharp contrast to the generally indefinite duration of ICT‐mediated change processes. However, by analysing the ICT application to be implemented, it can be revealed whether it can be ‘ready packed’ for, or delimited to, certain processes in order to achieve immediate benefits. When implementing more encompassing ICT applications, the challenge for the company is to find alternative ways of implementation in the project‐based organization and of creating alternative spaces for innovation and renewal where new ICT can be tested and experimented with.

User perceptions of ICT impacts in Swedish construction companies: ‘it’s fine, just as it is’

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in construction companies has been growing steadily during the last decade. However, few studies inquire into either perceptions of the impact of actual ICT use or perceptions among different occupational groups in construction companies. The aim of the paper is to explore users’ general perceptions of ICT impacts in the post-adoption stage and analyse the implications for construction management practice. A mixed methods approach was used. Quantitative data were collected using a web-based survey both in a major construction company and among medium-sized companies in Sweden. Data from 294 returned completed questionnaires were analysed with t-tests and multiple regression analysis. In addition, participant observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted within the major construction company in order to strengthen the analysis. It can be concluded that respondents are generally fairly satisfied with the ICT. Differences in perceptions among occupational groups can be explained by the nature of work tasks and the original intentions for using ICT as a means of control and calculation. Even if respondents perceive that a further development of ICT could improve competitiveness, they do not want to increase their use of it in their workplaces. They basically think that ‘it is fine, just as it is’. This indicates that a challenge in construction management is to investigate how prevailing and new ICT applications can be used to develop the industry.

Managing telemedicine: from noble ideas to action

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how telemedicine can be used in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Two Swedish telemedicine projects were studied. The technical platform was an ISDN videoconferencing system which could be connected to various items of medical equipment. The first project, general telemedicine, concerned communication between two primary care centres, one county hospital and one university hospital. The specialties involved were dermatology, orthopaedics and otolaryngology. The second project, telepathology, included pathology and cytology at the university hospital, and surgery and gynaecology at a county hospital. The first round of interviews was conducted to reveal the expectations of the physicians regarding the potential benefits and applications of the technology and potential organizational obstacles. Subsequent interview rounds were carried out to reveal what had happened since the previous interview. In total 62 interviews were carried out with 32 respondents. The main conclusions were that the technologys generic features, namely the transmission of pictures and sound, had been translated into appropriate fields of application, which had been diffused and routinized in organizational activities. In order to facilitate this process, there were two crucial issues for managers. First, due to the ‘openness’ of the technology, actors who had the will to test the limits of the technology had to be identified and engaged. Second, while the use of the new technologies implied that new patterns of action were established, it was necessary to discover and develop routines that could be used as a facilitator for the further use of telemedicine.

Fiery spirits and supporting programs of action: keys to exploration and exploitation of open technologies

If telemedicine is to impact on and shape the hospital of the future, the challenge for strategic management will be to create and support a process where the technologys fields of application can be developed and diffused. Due to the technologys openness, this is required to occur in use of the technology, during a process of exploration and exploitation of its applications. The role of fiery spirits and supporting programmes of action are emphasised, by using Actor Network Theory as an analytical perspective on a longitudinal study of two Swedish telemedicine projects. It is concluded that fiery spirits are playing a significant role in the phase of exploring fields of application, but if applications are to be successfully exploited, the dependency of the fiery spirits has to be gradually decoupled. In this process, supporting programmes of action will facilitate the further exploitation and stabilisation of technology usage.

Learn not to learn–a way of keeping budgets and deadlines in ERP projects?

This paper takes as its point of departure the conflict between the project as an organisational form for time-limited task execution and the project as an organisational form for triggering knowledge development and learning. The aim of the paper is to explore how knowledge developed in ERP projects can be managed, as well as to identify potential influences on the management of knowledge developed in the project process. Qualitative data has been collected through interviews, document studies, and participant observations. The paper presents evidence that problems of keeping to budgets and timelines in ERP projects can depend on the fact that knowledge developed in the project process is also exploited in the project process. In order to bridge the conflict between the project as a time-limited form for task execution and an organisational form for knowledge development and learning, three tentative strategies for exploiting knowledge developed in the project process are suggested.

Implementation and evaluation of telemedicine - a catch 22?

Problems in implementing and evaluating telemedicine may not be a surprise if the technology itself is more closely examined. It can be claimed that problems to develop a comprehensive and integrated use is a consequence of the technologys openness. The analysis presented shows that we cannot speak about implementation in general if telemedicine usage has any impact on organizational work routines. Instead, there is a need to view the implementation of telemedicine as an implementation of different fields of application, which are resulting from a translation of generic features of telemedicine. This will also have an impact on the evaluation of telemedicine implementation, and makes the issue of when an evaluation should be done and how the result should be interpreted into an extremely complex and complicated matter. Hence, if there is a lack of understanding of consequences caused by the openness of technology, implementation and evaluation can end up in a catch 22 situation.

The formation of technology mental models: the case of voluntary use of technology in organizational setting

The use of information systems in organisations presents one of the early signs of success. Hundreds of studies have generated a wealth of knowledge on systems use across a broad range of technologies and theoretical approaches. However, new types of technologies and organisations continue to pose challenges to systems use. The case of open systems that are offered to users on a voluntary basis presents one of those challenges for two reasons: 1) the systems are open in the sense that they could be configured in many ways depending on users finding use cases and possible applications; 2) the system use is voluntary and hence there is no organisational push. They bring users’ choice and active finding of use cases to the centre of their success. This study questions why and how users choose to engage (or not to engage) with open technology on a voluntary basis and how and why its use options and potential unfold? It examines a longitudinal case study (1994–2012) on the voluntary use of telemedicine. The findings reveal that users’ perception of open technology in a voluntary setting is formed through a continuous interplay between users’ technology mental models, professional identity, institutional traditions and arrangements and work practices. If perceived to be in contradiction with professional identity, institutional traditions and arrangements or work practices, users’ technology mental models are fixated on the misfit and the misfit is thereby reinforced. Hence, users do not try to find use cases or think of possible applications. However, institutional entrepreneurs could break this self-fulfilling prophecy by influencing both the technology mental models of users and the institutional arrangements.

The role of industry: an analytical framework to understand ICT transformation within the AEC industry

Abstract Despite wide-ranging research on information and communication technologies (ICT) in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, little is known about the role that industry plays in the adoption and use of ICT. Based on observations of how the drivers for ICT use seem to be inconsistent with the industry’s central characteristics, and drawing on information systems (IS) research that demonstrates the role of shared systems of meaning, the purpose here is to develop an analytical framework that explains how industry shapes the adoption and use of ICT. Building on a theoretically driven approach and a case study, a framework is first sketched and then substantiated through empirical illustrations. Three dimensions of industry are highlighted: the socio-cognitive environment, the market and production environment and institutional actors. It is explained how the interplay of these dimensions shapes the way the industry functions, which in turn influence the adoption and use of ICT. The outcomes of the interplay can either be aligned or misaligned with ICT, which explains why certain aligned applications are rapidly adopted, whereas other applications are not. The primary implication is that the framework can aid in analysing the need for structural adaptation when trying to achieve ICT-induced change.

Make technology invisible, or keep it visible? : The role of intra-organizational transfer and integration of project outcomes

Today’s organizational renewal and change is conducted primarily within projects (i.e., temporary organizations), and, in varying degrees, includes information and communication technology (ICT) systems that should mediate or trigger intended changes. However, the definite duration of a project process and the indefinite duration of ICT-mediated change processes cause challenges for the permanent organization when intra-organizational transfer of intended and emergent project outcomes would be managed. However, when studying the interaction between ICT and an organizational context, it is of crucial importance to also include the ICT in the analysis. Accordingly, the aim this paper is to uncover technology features and their consequences for the permanent organization when intra-organizational transfer of intended and emergent project outcomes is managed. In order to achieve the aim of the paper, three case studies of ICT projects are analyzed and discussed. The ICT features predefmition of processes to change and the ease of making the ICT into an obligatory passage point will have consequences for the permanent organization’s management of intra-organizational transfer of intended and emergent project outcomes. The conclusion is that these features of ICT have an impact on arrangements to be made by the permanent organization in order to support the intra-organizational transfer and integration of intended and emergent project outcomes.

From visions to practice – The role of sensemaking, institutional logic and pragmatic practice

Abstract The emergence of a new technology like BIM is often connected with extensive discussions of industrial and organizational development and change. However, predicting the use trajectory of a technology has always been a difficult task. In understanding the adoption and use of information and communication technology (ICT), the way that people make sense of a technology is an important component. Even if sensemaking varies over time, studies of sensemaking processes over longer periods are rare. This paper has two aims. First, to develop a conceptual framework of how the development of sensemaking processes shapes the adoption and use of ICT. Second, to discuss the implications of this for research and practice, with a specific focus on the adoption and use of BIM. The research involves a case study of 12 years of telemedicine use in a Swedish county. These results are compared with contemporary BIM studies. The overall conclusion is that the use of technology is heavily shaped by the sensemaking of significant actor groups. This is grounded both an institutional logic and daily practice in relation to the benefits or disadvantages the group perceives from the use of the technology.