Henrique Vicente Della Rosa

Exposiçào ocupacional ao cobalto: aspectos toxicolÓgicos

Cobalt is a chemical element that, besides its essentiality as a vitamin B12 component, has its main use in metallurgy to produce steel with special features of hardness and resistance. Oxides have been used as catalists for chemical and oil industry, in salts forms, as pigments in ceramics plants. This work has the purpose of a toxicocinetic and toxicodinamic review of exposure to cobalt in metal, salt and oxide forms. The toxic effects observed in exposure to different cobalt compounds are more pronunciated in pulmonary level, in bronchial and fibrotic forms. The toxic effects observed in the exposure to different cobalt compounds, the dose-effect relationship and dose-response, and the reference values in health and non-exposed population, have brought ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists) of the United States to propose since 1995 a BEI (Biological Exposure Indice) to this kind of exposure. Although Brazil has not included cobalt in the PCMSO (Programa de Controle Medico de Saude Ocupacional), the toxicological studies can lead to the use of a biological indicator to cobalt and respective compound exposure.

Cyclophosphamide identification in wipe test by GC-MS and solid phase extraction

In this study cyclophosphamide was quantified after adapting a prior analytical method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid phase purification and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The analyte was measured by analysis in wipe test from infusion bags, which may be contaminated by contact with the gloves used during preparation of the drugs. Surface of bag contaminated may be an important source of contamination for workers in the others chemoterapy handling areas, such as administration rooms. This drug, in fact, is one of the most frequently used alkylating antineoplastic agents for different types of tumors and it is furthermore classified as a human carcinogen by IARC. Ifosfamide was used as internal standard and the quantification was carried out by reference to calibration curves within a range from 1 to 100 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.4 ng/mL. The values of the variation coefficient varied from 0.5 to 10% (intra-assay) and from 0 to 19% (interassay). Frozen reference wipe samples containing cyclophosphamide were analysed over one month and no significant loss was observed. The range obtained for bias assay was 83-116% and the recovery was 98.9%. Cyclophosphamide was measured in 36 of 42 infusion bags collected from different hospitals with values ranging from 90 to 41874 ng (median= 607.5 ng). The results, well related to those reported in the literature, suggest that this method can be used to identify cyclophosphamide from wipe samples and can be considered useful in exposure assessment to this drug.

Validação de metodologia para dosagem de porfirinas urinárias por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Porphyrins are products that originate from the heme biosyntetic pathway. Enzymes that take part in this route can have their activity inhibited due to inherited/acquired or both factors resulting in increased serum heme precursor that will be eliminated in urine. Considering the importance of early detection of heme biosynthesis alterations, the purpose of this study was to establish a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection, to detect five fractions of porphyrins: uroporphyrin (8-carboxyporphyrin), heptaporphyrin (7-carboxyporphyrin), hexaporphyrin (6-carboxyporphyrin), pentaporphyrin (5-carboxyporphyrin) and coproporphyrin I and III (4- carboxyporphyrin). Extraction methods with spectrophotometric detection are not sensitive enough for this purpose. The HPLC (Shimadzu Co., Kioto, Japan) was composed of two high-pressure pumps, auto-sampler and fluorescence detector (RF-535) with excitation at 400 nm and emission at 620 nm. The sample was eluted from a reversed-phase column with a linear gradient. The linearity of the method was from 8.0 to 120 µg/L for all fractions, proving its ablility to identify and quantify porphyrins with differents carboxylic groups for early diagnosis and follow-up of porphyrias.Porphyrins are products that originate from the heme biosyntetic pathway. Enzymes that take part in this route can have their activity inhibited due to inherited/acquired or both factors resulting in increased serum heme precursor that will be eliminated in urine. Considering the importance of early detection of heme biosynthesis alterations, the purpose of this study was to establish a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection, to detect five fractions of porphyrins: uroporphyrin (8-carboxyporphyrin), heptaporphyrin (7-carboxyporphyrin), hexaporphyrin (6-carboxyporphyrin), pentaporphyrin (5-carboxyporphyrin) and coproporphyrin I and III (4- carboxyporphyrin). Extraction methods with spectrophotometric detection are not sensitive enough for this purpose. The HPLC (Shimadzu Co., Kioto, Japan) was composed of two high-pressure pumps, auto-sampler and fluorescence detector (RF-535) with excitation at 400 nm and emission at 620 nm. The sample was eluted from a reversed-phase column with a linear gradient. The linearity of the method was from 8.0 to 120 µg/L for all fractions, proving its ablility to identify and quantify porphyrins with differents carboxylic groups for early diagnosis and follow-up of porphyrias.

Determinação de fenol urinário por cromatografia em fase gasosa em trabalhadores que utilizam resinas fenólicas em fundições

Phenol is used as an industrial chemical, disinfectant agent, in the preparation of phenolic resins and paint pigments. When in solid state, it shows a light pink color, ocre odor, and is hygroscopic. In acute occupational exposure, the compound can produce erythemic injuries and burn sensation and, chronically, affect the cellular maturation of bone marrow due the free quinones and 1,4-benzoquinone, deriving from hepatic metabolism of the hydroquinone by P450 isozyme (CYP2E1). The biological monitoring is important in occupational exposure situations. So, urinary phenol, considered the biological indicator of phenol exposure has to be determined. The aim of this work was to validate a method for urinary phenol quantification, using liquid-liquid extraction. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was used in this method. The analytical procedure showed linearity in the dynamic range of the assay from 5 - 200 µg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were: 2.0 and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively. Intra-assay precision coefficient was between 4.5 - 8.9% and the inter-assay precision coefficient was between 5.7 - 14.2%. The accuracy coefficient was between 6.2 - 11.9%. Recovery values were higher than 87%. The coefficient of correlation was 0.999. The method is simple, rapid and efficient. Urine samples from workers exposed to phenolic resins were analyzed to show the method application in biological monitoring.