Hernán González D

Características de presentación del microcarcinoma papilar del tiroides: Experiencia retrospectiva de los últimos 12 años

BACKGROUND Thyroid microcarcinoma is a tumor of 10 mm or less, that should have a low risk of mortality. However, a subgroup of these carcinomas is as aggressive as bigger tumors. AIM To describe the pathological presentation of these tumors, and compare them with larger tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS All pathological samples of thyroid carcinoma that were obtained between 1992 and 2003, were studied. In all biopsies, the pathological type, tumor size, the focal or multifocal character, the presence of lymph node involvement and the presence of lymphocytic thyroiditis or thyroid hyperplasia, were recorded. RESULTS One hundred eighteen microcarcinomas and 284 larger tumors were studied. The mean age of patients with microcarcinoma and larger tumors was 42.7+/-14 and 49.3+/-16 years respectively (p <0,001) and 83% were female, without gender differences between tumor types. Mean size of microcarcinomas was 8.6 mm and 116 (98%) were papillary carcinomas. Of these, 109 (94%) were well differentiated and seven (6%) were moderately differentiated. Thirty six (31%) were multifocal and in 10 (8,6%), there was lymph node involvement. The mean size of larger tumors was 23.8 mm and 241 (85%) were papillary carcinomas. Of these, 200 (83%) were well differentiated, and 41 (17%) were moderately differentiated. Eighty five (35%) were multifocal and in 44 (18%) there was lymph node involvement. The prevalence of thyroiditis and hyperplasia was significantly higher among microcarcinomas than in larger tumors (15 and 2.5%, respectively, p <0.001, for the former; 32.4 and 1.7%, respectively, p <0.001, for the latter). CONCLUSIONS In this series, one third of microcarcinomas were multifocal and 10% had lymph node involvement. Therefore, the aggressiveness of these tumors is higher than what is reported in the literature and they should be treated with total thyroidectomy.

Cáncer tiroideo: una causa infrecuente de obstrucción de vía aérea superior en niños. Caso clínico

Upper airway obstruction (UAO) can be a severe medical condition with a high mortality in children. We report a 10 year-old girl with UAO due to papillary thyroid carcinoma. The study confirmed a thyroid cancer. The patient was referred to our centre for the evaluation of dyspnea and hoarseness. She was admitted in severe respiratory distress. Her chest X-ray revealed a critical narrowing of the cervical trachea and extensive infiltration of the lung with a miliary pattern; CT scan revealed a thyroid mass with bilateral pulmonary dissemination. An early surgical approach with total thyroidectomy and tracheotomy was performed. The study revealed a thyroid carcinoma. The patient was then referred to a specialized centre to receive radioiodine treatment [corrected] Recognition of thyroid carcinoma in children requires a high suspicion index. An early CT scan and fiberoptic assessment could show UAO in many unsuspected lesions.

HIPERPARATIROIDISMO PRIMARIO: MANEJO QUIRÚRGICO

Abstract Primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgical treatment Background : Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTP) is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia in the ambulatory setting. This condition affects between 0.1-2% of the population. Surgery is the only curative treatment. Objective: The aim of the study is to present our 10-year surgical experience. Methods : Analytical-descriptive study. We included all patients diagnosed with HPTP treated with surgery in our hospital between June 2003 and June 2013. Results: 173 patients underwent surgery for HPTP. The mean age was 57.5 ± 13.5 years. Asymptomatic in 98 cases (56.6%). Resection the abnormal parathyroid glands was performed in all cases with intraoperative PTH monitoring. In 167 patients (96.5%) intraoperative PTH declined ≥ 50%. The median follow-up was 61 months (1-117 months). Cure was achieved in 169 patients (97.7%). Four cases (2.3%) had recurrence. Conclusions: Surgery is effective and safe for the treatment of HPTP. A decline in intraoperative PTH ≥ 50% predicts cure in 97.7% of cases.

Cáncer medular de tiroides: Experiencia quirúrgica en 10 años

Background: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) represents approximately 5% of all thyroid cancers. Surgery is the only curative treatment, which includes total thyroidectomy and in most cases, neck dissection. Aim: To report our 10-year experience with surgical treatment of MTC. Material and methods: Review of medical records and pathology reports of a university hospital. We retrieved data from 28 patients aged 47.2 ± 16 years (21 women) operated for a MTC treated between June 2002 and June 2012. Results: In 20 patients, MTC was diagnosed in the preoperative period. Total thyroidectomy was performed in all cases and included a neck dissection in 24 patients. Median follow-up was 48 (2-120) months. Twenty-five patients (89.2%) achieved complete remission of the disease and three had disease recurrence. There were no deaths during the follow up. Conclusions: The diagnosis of MTC is mainly based on cytology. Total thyroidectomy with neck dissection is the treatment of choice. An early-stage diagnosis is associated with low rates of recurrence and absence of mortality.

Hallazgos anatomopatológicos definitivos en pacientes tiroidectomizados con diagnóstico preoperatorio de neoplasia folicular

Defi nitive anatomopathological fi ndings in thyroidectomized patients with preoperative diagnosis of follicular neoplasm Background: The fi nding of follicular neoplasm, using a FNAP, is an indication for partial or total thyroidectomy, to obtain the defi nitive malignant or benign histology. Frequently, it is possible to identify signifi cant additional histological diagnosis. Aim: To obtain the defi nitive histological fi ndings in patients with follicular neoplasm by FNAP. Patients and Method: Transversal analysis of 133 patients that underwent to total thyroidectomy between 2003 and 2009, that fi lled de requirements for adequate histological assessment. Results: In 33.1% of the treated patients the fi nal diagnosis was indeed a follicular neoplasm (adenoma in 26.3% and cancer in 6.8%). In the 51.9% the fi nding was follicular colloidal hyperplasia and other thyroid cancer in 8.3%. The total malignant prevalence in the whole gland was 29.3%. Conclusions: The thyroidec- tomy is the treatment of choice and the fi nal diagnostic procedure for these patients. The histological fi ndings of cancer different from follicular not only in the punctioned nodule are a secondary and an additional argu-

Hiperparatiroidismo primario en el adolescente: Caso clínico

We report a 13 year-old mate with a history of multiple fractures and kidney stones. The laboratory showed a hypercalcemia of 11.5 mg/dl, a PTH of 112.6 pg/ml and 24 hour urinary calcium of 571 mg. Bone densitometry showed spine and femur Z scores of -2.9 and -1.6, respectively, kidney ultrasound showed nephrocalcinosis and a MIBI-SPECT scintigram showed a higher uptake in the right lower parathyroid gland. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made and the patient was operated, excising the right lower parathyroid gland. After surgery, serum calcium and PTH levels returned to normal values. In children, the proportion of cases with parathyroid hyperplasia is higher than in adults. Therefore, during surgery all four parathyroid glands must be explored. There is also a higher frequency of ectopic adenomas. Family history must be explored to discard the presence of a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN I or II), a familial hyperparathyroidism or a syndrome of primary hyperparathyroidism associated to mandibular tumor.

Microcarcinoma tiroideo de evolución agresiva: Report of one case

The treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma of less than 10 mm diameter is a matter of controversy. The incidental finding of papillary microcarcinomas in autopsies is frequent and some authors postulate that these tumors are biologically inactive and should only be observed. We report a 21 years old woman with a papillary thyroid cancer of 6x5x5 mm and bilateral paratracheal metastases, that was subjected to a total thyroidectomy. She received 200 mCi of radioiodine. Two years after surgery, a new nodule of 9.6 mm diameter was detected by ultrasound, that was treated with a new dose of 200 mCi of radioiodine. One year later a suprasternal mass of 2 cm diameter and 3 enlarged lymph nodes were detected. She was subjected to a surgical lymph node dissection of the neck and the biopsy confirmed the presence of cancer. She received a new dose of 300 mCi of radioiodine. The mother of the patient had a 7 mm thyroid nodule that was also a papillary carcinoma (Rev Med Chile 2005; 133: 323-6)The treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma of less than 10 mm diameter is a matter of controversy. The incidental finding of papillary microcarcinomas in autopsies is frequent and some authors postulate that these tumors are biologically inactive and should only be observed. We report a 21 years old woman with a papillary thyroid cancer of 6 x 5 x 5 mm and bilateral paratracheal metastases, that was subjected to a total thyroidectomy. She received 200 mCi of radioiodine. Two years after surgery, a new nodule of 9.6 mm diameter was detected by ultrasound, that was treated with a new dose of 200 mCi of radioiodine. One year later a suprasternal mass of 2 cm diameter and 3 enlarged lymph nodes were detected. She was subjected to a surgical lymph node dissection of the neck and the biopsy confirmed the presence of cancer. She received a new dose of 300 mCi of radioiodine. The mother of the patient had a 7 mm thyroid nodule that was also a papillary carcinoma.

NUEVAS TERAPIAS SISTÉMICAS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DEL MELANOMA

Resumen El melanoma es un tumor maligno que tiene una alta tendencia a metastizar localmente, regionalmente al sistema linfatico, y en forma sistemica, preferentemente a pulmones, higado, cerebro y hueso. La cirugia es el principal tratamiento para el melanoma, con excelentes resultados en estadios precoces, pero escasa utilidad en etapas avanzadas con enfermedad sistemica. Tradicionalmente los tratamientos en base a quimioterapias citotoxicas han aportado poco beneficio a los pacientes en etapa IV, lo que ha motivado una amplia investigacion e innovacion en esta area. Actualmente la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ha aprobado nuevas terapias para el tratamiento del melanoma metastasico, irresecable o recurrente, en base a drogas inmuno moduladoras y drogas que bloquean la transduccion de senales, con resultados muy promisorios. Los cirujanos que tratamos pacientes con melanoma, debemos estar al dia sobre el uso de estas nuevas terapias que representan una nueva oportunidad de tratamiento para nuestros pacientes.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo asociado a insuficiencia renal crónica: Experience in 71 patients

Background: Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. Aim: To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital Results: In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ?75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. Conclusions: In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ?75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.BACKGROUND Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. AIM To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital. RESULTS In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ≥ 75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ≥ 75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.BACKGROUND Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. AIM To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital. RESULTS In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ≥ 75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ≥ 75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del hiperparatiroidismo asociado a insuficiencia renal crónica

Background: Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. Aim: To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital Results: In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ?75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. Conclusions: In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ?75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.BACKGROUND Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. AIM To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital. RESULTS In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ≥ 75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ≥ 75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.BACKGROUND Surgery is an effective method for the management of renal hyperparathyroidism. AIM To report the clinical presentation and results of surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 58 patients aged 46 ± 11 years with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) and 13 patients aged 53 ± 11 years with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT3), operated at a clinical hospital. RESULTS In 55 cases (77.4%) the indications for surgery were complications of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and in 16 patients (22.6%) a failure of medical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with intraoperative measurement of PTH (PTHop) plus a forearm parathyroid autograft was performed in 54 (93.1%) patients with HPT2 and in all patients with HPT3. PTHop decreased ≥ 75% in 51 patients (88%) with HPT2 and in 9 patients (69.2%) with HPT3, respectively. Cure of the disease was achieved in 52 (89.7%) and 11 (84.6%) patients with HPT2 and 3, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 months. Five (9.6%) patients with HPT2 and two patients (18.2%) with HPT3 had a recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS In patients with renal hyperparathyroidism, the primary indication for surgery was the presence of complications of PTH excess. A drop in PTHop ≥ 75% from baseline predicts healing in 98% and 100% of cases with secondary or tertiary HPT respectively. Surgery was a safe and effective treatment in both groups.